úr

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ur"

Faroese

Etymology

From Old Norse úr (“out of”), from Proto-Germanic *uz (“out, out of”).

Preposition

úr (+ dative)

1. out of

   fara úr klæðunum ― to undress

   draga bát úr neysti ― to pull a boat out of the boathouse

   úr jarni, viði, gulli ― (made) of iron, wood, wool

2. from

   drekka úr fløsku ― to drink from the bottle

   fara úr einum felag ― to resign from a club

   hann slapp úr oynni ― he left the island

   stað úr stað ― from place to place

   úr øllum ættum ― from everywhere

   hann kemur úr Onglandi ― he comes from England

   umseta úr enskum ― translate from English

3. off

   í ein útnyrðing úr Føroyum ― in the northwest off the Faroes

Antonyms

• í (“in”)

Adverb

úr

1. in expressions

   hava úr at gera ― to have much to do

   verða úr ― to happen

Synonyms

• (much): nógv
• (to happen): henda

Hungarian

Etymology

Of debated origin:

1. From Proto-Finno-Ugric *urɜ (“man, male”).
2. Borrowed from a Turkic language before the times of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries), from Proto-Turkic *ūŕ (“master, craftsman”). Compare Karakhanid اُوزْ (ūz, “skillful”) and Mongolian ур (ur, “handicraft, skill, craft”) which was probably also borrowed from Turkic.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈuːr]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -uːr

Noun

úr (plural urak)

1. master (someone who has control over something or someone)

   Synonym: (owner of a dog) gazda

   Antonym: szolga (“slave”)

2. (Judaism, Christianity, capitalized) Lord
   • 1908, revised Bible translation of Gáspár Károlyi, Isaiah 48:17:

     Így szól az Úr, Megváltód, Izráelnek Szentje: Én vagyok az Úr, Istened, ki tanítlak hasznosra, és vezetlek oly úton, a melyen járnod kell.

     Thus says the Lord, your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: I am the Lord your God, who teaches you for your own good, who leads you in the way you should go.

   Synonym: Isten

3. gentleman

   Synonym: úriember

   Coordinate term: hölgy

   Kint áll egy úr, és azt kérdezi, bejöhet-e. ― There is a gentleman standing outside, asking if he may come in.

4. (on its own, with a first-person possessive suffix) sir, gentleman (term of address)

   Coordinate terms: asszonyom, hölgyem (also with a possessive suffix), kisasszony, fiatalember

   Uram! ― Sir!

   Hölgyeim és uraim! ― Ladies and gentlemen!

5. (after surnames and certain occupational titles) Mr, Mr. (or omitted in English)

   Kovács úr ― Mr. Kovács (literally, “Mr. Smith”)

   doktor úr, mérnök úr, tanár/professzor úr, igazgató úr, bíró úr, often also nyomozó úr, író úr ― Doctor, Engineer, Professor, Manager, Judge; Inspector, Writer (especially as terms of address, cf. Your Honour)

   Coordinate terms: asszony, -nő

6. (with a possessive suffix, dated, folksy) husband

   Az urammal egy vonatúton ismerkedtünk meg. ― My husband and I met each other on a train ride.

   Synonyms: férj, férjeura

Declension

Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	úr	urak
accusative	urat	urakat
dative	úrnak	uraknak
instrumental	úrral	urakkal
causal-final	úrért	urakért
translative	úrrá	urakká
terminative	úrig	urakig
essive-formal	úrként	urakként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	úrban	urakban
superessive	úron	urakon
adessive	úrnál	uraknál
illative	úrba	urakba
sublative	úrra	urakra
allative	úrhoz	urakhoz
elative	úrból	urakból
delative	úrról	urakról
ablative	úrtól	uraktól
non-attributive possessive – singular	úré	uraké
non-attributive possessive – plural	úréi	urakéi

Possessive forms of úr

possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	uram	uraim
2nd person sing.	urad	uraid
3rd person sing.	ura	urai
1st person plural	urunk	uraink
2nd person plural	uratok	uraitok
3rd person plural	uruk	uraik

Derived terms

• uradalom
• ural
• uralkodik
• uralkodó
• uralom
• uras
• uraság
• uraskodik
• uratlan
• uraz
• urizál
• úrféle
• úri

Compound words with this term at the beginning

• úrasszony
• úrdolga
• úrfelmutatás
• úrfi
• úrhölgy
• úristen
• úrleány
• úrlovas
• úrnő
• úrvacsora
• úrvezető

Compound words with this term at the end

• apjaura
• bátyjaura
• fiatalúr
• földesúr
• főúr
• hadúr
• háziúr
• hűbérúr
• ifiúr
• kegyúr
• kényúr
• nagyúr
• önkényúr
• öregúr
• szobaúr
• tartományúr
• teremburáját (from teremtő +‎ urát)
• ténsúr
• várúr
• zászlósúr

Expressions

• hölgyeim és uraim

Further reading

• úr in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.

Icelandic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /uːr/
• Rhymes: -uːr

Etymology 1

From Old Norse ór (“out of”), from Proto-Germanic *uz (“out, out of”). More at Old English or-.

Preposition

úr

1. out of
2. from

   Hver stal kökunni úr krúsinni í gær?

   Who stole the cookie from the jar (cookie jar) last night?

Derived terms

• bæta úr skák
• draga úr
• fara úr öskunni í eldinn
• ganga úr skugga um
• hrista fram úr erminni
• láta hendur standa fram úr ermum
• skara fram úr
• velta upp úr brauðmylsnu
• velta upp úr hveiti
• vera eins og álfur út úr hól

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Middle Low German ur(e), from Old French ore (“time”).

Noun

úr n (genitive singular úrs, nominative plural úr)

1. clock
2. watch

Declension

Declension of úr (neuter)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	úr	úrið	úr	úrin
accusative	úr	úrið	úr	úrin
dative	úri	úrinu	úrum	úrunum
genitive	úrs	úrsins	úra	úranna

Derived terms

• armbandsúr

Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /uːɾˠ/

Etymology 1

From Middle Irish úr (“fresh”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸūros, from Proto-Indo-European *puHrós, which derives from Proto-Indo-European *pewH- (“to be clean, pure”); see also Latin pūrus.

Adjective

úr (genitive singular masculine úir, genitive singular feminine úire, plural úra, comparative úire)

1. fresh; new
2. free, liberal
3. moist
4. (nominalized) anything fresh or new

Declension

Declension of úr

Positive	singular		plural
	masculine	feminine	strong noun	weak noun
nominative	úr	úr	úra
vocative	úir		úra
genitive		úire	úra	úr
dative	úr	úr; úir (archaic)	úra
Comparative	níos úire
Superlative	is úire

Derived terms

• Oileán Úr
• úraigh
• úrscéal

Etymology 2

Derived from Etymology 1 ("fresh") with a change of declension.

Noun

úr m (genitive singular úra) (literary)

1. letter U in Ogham alphabet: ᚒ

Declension

Declension of úr (third declension, no plural)

bare forms singular nominative úr vocative a úr genitive úra dative úr forms with the definite article singular nominative an t-úr genitive an úra dative leis an úr don úr

Etymology 3

Noun

úr m (genitive singular úir, nominative plural úir)

1. alternative form of iúr (“yew”)

Declension

Declension of úr (first declension)

bare forms singular plural nominative úr úir vocative a úir a úra genitive úir úr dative úr úir forms with the definite article singular plural nominative an t-úr na húir genitive an úir na n-úr dative leis an úr don úr leis na húir

Etymology 4

Determiner

úr

1. alternative form of bhur (“your pl”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of úr

radical	eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
úr	n-úr	húr	t-úr

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “úr”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla [Irish–English Dictionary], Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959), “úr”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “úr”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2026

Nobiin

Etymology

Inherited from Old Nubian ⲟⲩⲣ (our), from Proto-Nubian [Term?].

Pronoun

úr

1. you (second person plural pronoun)

See also

Nobiin personal pronouns

Personal pronouns
	singular	plural
1st person	ày	ùù
2nd person	ìr	úr
3rd person	tàr	tér
Possessive pronouns
1st person	àyíín, án, ànní	ùùíín, úún, ùùní
2nd person	ìríín, ín, ìnní	úríín, únn, únní
3rd person	tàríín, tán, tànní	téríín, ténn, ténní

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ūrą (“water, rain; wetness”), from Proto-Indo-European *uh₁r-, zero grade form of *weh₁r- (“water”). Related to Old English ūrig (“moist”), Latin ūrīna (“urine”). Also Old Norse *vār (“pus, bodily gunk”), Old English wær (“sea”), Old Prussian wurs (“pool”), Sanskrit वार् (vā́r, “water”).

The many descendants show a clear connection with precipitation, often coupled with wind, but varies greatly in terms of what precipitation is specified, from snow, to rain, to drizzle etc, as well as the strength of wind, from light wind, to storm. Compare dialectal Danish ur (“haze”), Old Icelandic úr (“drizzle, spray”), Norwegian ur (“rainy weather in the mountains”), yr (“drizzle; dew; snowfall”), yra (“to drizzle”), Swedish ur (“windy precipitation; blustery and profuse snowfall”), i ur och skur (“through stormy snow and rain”, literally “in ur and shower”), yr (“windy precipitation; blustery and profuse snowfall; swirling, bluster; drizzle, spray”), yra (“snowstorm”), dialectal Swedish ura (“to drizzle”), Gutnish starur (“springtime snowy or rainy weather”, literally “starling-ur”).

The common wind/storm-component might be a later introduction; compare the compunds of Norwegian yrvær (“blowing snow, snowstorm”), Swedish urväder (“bad weather involving ur”), yrväder (“blustery weather; blowing snow, snowstorm”), recorded from ca. 1430, compounding ur/yr, with weather, which initially meant “air in motion, blowing”. However, if related to Alemannic German urig (“ragin (of the weather)”), then the wind/storm component could be an older Pan-Germanic sense. Further compare potential further related words, like dialectal Swedish urrig (“ruffled”), urra (“to ruffle”), urr (“ruffle”), which all also have analog senses regarding shivering.

Noun

úr n

1. based on descendants and recorded use: precipitation, rain
   2. (dialectal) drizzle; dag (misty shower) (compare related Scots ourie, “rainy, hazy, rainbowy”)

      Synonyms: dagg, dǫgg, dugg

      1. splash (for example, from a wave)
      2. dew, condensation
      3. mist, haze, fog
   4. (dialectal) (windy) rain
      1. chilly precipitation (compare related Scots ourie and Swedish urrigt, “chill; having the sensation of cold; shivering”)
      2. bad weather (annoying rainy weather)
      3. bad weather (heavy rain with strong winds); storm
   6. (dialectal) (blustery) snowfall, snow shower

      Synonyms: ýr, ýra, ýrveðr

      1. slush, sleet (precipitation with large snowflakes that quickly melt)
      2. snowstorm
      3. blowing snow
   7. (figurative, Norway) based on the Norwegian rune poem: sparks? (compare Old Norse ýra “to glitter, like drops of dew; of the glittering particles in iron or other ore”)
      • c. 13th c., “Norwegian rune poem”, in an unknown manuscript:

        ᚢ (úr) er af illu jarne; opt løypr ræinn á hjarne.

        ᚢ (sparks) is of ill iron; often leap the raindeer over the frozen snowcover.

      • 1651, Ole Worm, “Norwegian rune poem”, in Runir, seu, Danica literatura antiqvissima:

        ᚢ (úr) er af eldu járne; opt løypr ræinn á hjarne.

        ᚢ (sparks) is of fired iron; often leap the raindeer over the frozen snowcover.

2. (Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᚢ (u)
   • c. 1200, [kuþrun = Guðrun] inscription from the old church in Bø, Telemark:

     Svæfn bannar mér,
     sótt er barna,
     fjón svinkanda,
     fjalls íbúi,
     hests ærfaði,
     auk heys víti,
     þræls vansæla,
     þat skulu ráða.

     [It's/She's] sleep preventing me;
     k – ‘[it's/she's] sickness of children (= kaun)
     u – hate of workers (= úr)
     þ – mountain's inhabitant (= þurs)
     r – horse's work (= reið)
     u – and hay's destruction (= úr)
     n – thrall's unhappiness (= nauð)
     that shall prevail.

   • c. 1500, “Icelandic rune poem of ᚢ”, in AM 687 d 4°:

     ᚢ (úr) er skýgia grátur ok skæra þverrir ok hirðis hatur.

     ᚢ (precipitation) is clouds' tears and 'mown hay'-destroyer and shepherd's hatred.

   • 1599, Johannes Bureus, “Swedish rune poem of ᚢ”, in Runakenslanes läraspån:

     ᚢᛦ ᛁ Vᛅᛋᛏᛆᚿ Vᛅᚧᚱ

     Ur i vaͤstan vaͤdher

     Precipitation in western weather

   • 1600, Nicolaus Granius, “Swedish rune poem of ᚢ”, in Granius Vulcanius:

     ŭrvaͤder vaͤrʃt

     urväder värst

     Windy precipitation worst

   • 1685, Georg Stiernhielm, “Swedish rune poem of ᚢ”, in Anticluverius, page 156:

     𝔙𝔲𝔯 𝔦 𝔚𝔞ͤʃ𝔱𝔞𝔫𝔴𝔞ͤ𝔡𝔢𝔯 𝔦.𝔢. 𝔘𝔯𝔴𝔞ͤ𝔡𝔢𝔯/𝔬𝔯𝔴𝔦𝔫𝔱𝔢𝔯

     Vur i Waͤstanvaͤder, i.e. Urvaͤder/orwinter

     Precipitation in Weastern weather, i.e. windy rain/blustery winter

   • 1732, “Icelandic rune poem of ᚢ”, in Runologia:

     Úr er skýja grátr. Skaði þerris og hirðis hatr ... hláka hríð. Himinn-svite ... undir-rót svella.

     Úr is clouds' tears. Damage to dryness and shepherd’s hate ... thaw's storm. Heaven's sweat ... cause of swells (waves).

   • 1776, Sven Digelius, “Swedish rune poem of ᚢ”, in Runkalender i nya stilen:

     ᚢᚱ ᛁ ᚢᛆᛋᛏᛆᚿ ᚢᛁᚱᛋᛏ

     Ur i västan verst

     Precipitation in western worst

Declension

Declension of úr (strong a-stem)

neuter	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	úr	úrit	úr	úrin
accusative	úr	úrit	úr	úrin
dative	úri	úrinu	úrum	úrunum
genitive	úrs	úrsins	úra	úranna

Related terms

• yrja
• ýr
• ýra

Descendants

• Faroese: úr n
• Icelandic: úr n
• ⇒ Icelandic: ýra f
• Norwegian:
  • Norwegian Bokmål: ur m
  • ⇒ Norwegian Bokmål: yr m, yra f
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: ur m
  • ⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: yr m, yra f
• Old Danish: ur
  • Danish: ur
• Gutnish: ur, äur
  • → Swedish: (Gotlandic) ur, äur (Southern Gotland)
• Old Swedish: ūr n
  • Swedish: ur n
  • Swedish: urr (“the feeling of shivering”) (partially onomatopoetic, akin to “brr”)
    • ⇒ Swedish: urrigt (“chill; having the sensation of cold; shivering”)
  • ⇒ Swedish: yr n, yra f
• → Early Scots: *ur
  • Scots: ure, ur, oor (“drizzle”)
    • ⇒ Scots: urey, oorie, ourie (“rainy, hazy, rainbowy; alt. chill; having the sensation of cold; shivering”)

Noun

úr

1. accusative singular of úrr
2. dative singular of úrr