ʞ

See also: Appendix:Variations of "k"

ʞ U+029E, ʞ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K ← ʝ [U+029D] IPA Extensions ʟ → [U+029F]

Character variations

𐞾 U+107BE, &#67518; <reserved-107BE> [unassigned: U+107BB–U+107BD] [unassigned: U+107BF–U+107FF] ← 𐞺 [U+107BA] Latin Extended-F 𐠀 → [U+10800]

Translingual

Etymology

The journal Anthropos created a phonetic alphabet, published in 1907, for its authors to use. The letters for clicks were rotated letters for the corresponding stops: turned-p for labial clicks, alveolar ⟨ʇ⟩, palatal ⟨ɔ⟩ and velar ⟨ʞ⟩. The IPA adopted ⟨ʞ⟩ for palatal clicks in 1928, apparently due to a misanalysis of them as velar in a proposal by Jones (1021).

Pronunciation

• IPA:

  (file)

Design

A turned k.

Symbol

ʞ

1. (phonetics) A back-released click consonant (voiceless nasal, with a velar or uvular release).

   (superscript ⟨𐞾⟩, IPA) [ʞ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʞ]-release.

   A minus diacritic, [ʞ᫢], may be used to distinguish a uvular release.

2. (IPA, obsolete) The forward release of a palatal click, modern ⟨ǂ⟩. Misleadingly labeled "velar" in some material.
   • 1921 Écriture phonétique internationale

     Les claquements des Cafres [Xhosa] et des Hottentots [Khoekhoe] se représentent autant que possible par le renversement des lettres marquant les sons normals correspondants: ʇ, ʖ, ʞ;—et ʗ pour le claquement cacuminal

   • 1949, The principles of the International Phonetic Association

     Clicks: dental ʇ (Zulu c), lateral ʖ (Zulu x), retroflex ʗ (Zulu q), velar ʞ.

3. (extIPA, 2004–2015) a velodorsal consonant; superseded by ⟨𝼃, 𝼁, 𝼇⟩.
4. (phonetics, obsolete) A voiceless uvular stop ([q])
   • 1892, Franz Boas, Notes on the Chemakum Language, in American Anthropologist

     ʞ=deep guttural k.

Usage notes

Because people misunderstood that this was the IPA letter for the ⟨ǂ⟩ click, it was rarely used. People instead came up with their own palatal-click letters to augment the IPA, such has Doke's 🡣 and Beach's 𝼋.

In its now-obsolete IPA usage, ⟨ʞ⟩ was technically only the forward clicked release, not the entire consonant. A full transcription of a click consonant requires a second letter to specify whether the rear closure is velar or uvular, and whether the click is voiced or nasal:

	Velar	Uvular
Voiceless	k͜ʞ	q͜ʞ
Voiced	ɡ͜ʞ	ɢ͜ʞ
Nasal	ŋ͜ʞ	ɴ͜ʞ

The tie bar may be omitted, and the accompanying letter may be superscripted.

If the order is reversed, e.g. ⟨ʞ͜q⟩, that may imply that the velar or uvular release is audible (delayed release).

References

• Jones, Daniel (1921) L'écriture phonétique internationale (2nd ed.). Association Phonétique Internationale.
• Schmidt, P. W. (1907). "Die Sprachlaute und ihre Darstellung in einem allgemeinen linguistischen Alphabet (Schluß) / Les sons du langage et leur représentation dans un alphabet linguistique général (Conclusion)". Anthropos 2 (5). Translated by Hermes, P. J.: 3-page insert between 1098 and 1099. JSTOR: 40442261.

Dakota

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /k/

Letter

ʞ (upper case Ʞ)

1. (transcription, obsolete) A tenuis [k]; now ⟨k⟩.