γίγνομαι
Appearance
Ancient Greek
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- γῑ́νομαι (gī́nomai) — Ionic, Koine, Byzantine
- γῑ́νῠμαι (gī́nŭmai) — Thessalian
- γίνιουμαι (gínioumai) — Boeotian
- γίννομαι (gínnomai) — Cretan
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Hellenic *gígnomai, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵíǵn̥h₁eti, the reduplicated present stem of *ǵenh₁- (“to beget; to give birth”). Cognate with Latin gignō and nāscor.[1] The active forms were displaced by τίκτω (tíktō), causing Proto-Indo-European *ǵíǵn̥h₁eti to degenerate into a deponent verb.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ɡí.ɡno.mai̯/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈɡi.ɡno.mɛ/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈʝi.ɣno.mɛ/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈʝi.ɣno.me/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈʝi.ɣno.me/
Verb
[edit]γῐ́γνομαι • (gĭ́gnomai)
- to come into being
- (of people) to be born
- Socrates, Cratylus 398d:
- πάντες δήπου γεγόνασιν ἐρασθέντος ἢ θεοῦ θνητῆς ἢ θνητοῦ θεᾶς
- pántes dḗpou gegónasin erasthéntos ḕ theoû thnētês ḕ thnētoû theâs
- Translation by Stefano Valente
- All of them sprang either from love of a god for a mortal woman, or of a mortal man for a goddess
- πάντες δήπου γεγόνασιν ἐρασθέντος ἢ θεοῦ θνητῆς ἢ θνητοῦ θεᾶς
- (of things) to be produced
- (of events) to take place
- (of people) to be born
- (followed by a predicate) to become
- (aorist participle) having ceased to be: former, ex-
- (present participle) something that is due (of payments); regular, normal, usual
Conjugation
[edit] Present: γῐ́γνομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle/ |
indicative | γῐ́γνομαι | γῐ́γνῃ, γῐ́γνει |
γῐ́γνεται | γῐ́γνεσθον | γῐ́γνεσθον | γῐγνόμεθᾰ | γῐ́γνεσθε | γῐ́γνονται | ||||
| subjunctive | γῐ́γνωμαι | γῐ́γνῃ | γῐ́γνηται | γῐ́γνησθον | γῐ́γνησθον | γῐγνώμεθᾰ | γῐ́γνησθε | γῐ́γνωνται | |||||
| optative | γῐγνοίμην | γῐ́γνοιο | γῐ́γνοιτο | γῐ́γνοισθον | γῐγνοίσθην | γῐγνοίμεθᾰ | γῐ́γνοισθε | γῐ́γνοιντο | |||||
| imperative | γῐ́γνου | γῐγνέσθω | γῐ́γνεσθον | γῐγνέσθων | γῐ́γνεσθε | γῐγνέσθων | |||||||
| middle/ | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | γῐ́γνεσθαι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | γῐγνόμενος | |||||||||||
| f | γῐγνομένη | ||||||||||||
| n | γῐγνόμενον | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Imperfect: ἐγῐγνόμην
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ἐγῐγνόμην | ἐγῐ́γνου | ἐγῐ́γνετο | ἐγῐ́γνεσθον | ἐγῐγνέσθην | ἐγῐγνόμεθᾰ | ἐγῐ́γνεσθε | ἐγῐ́γνοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle/ |
indicative | γῐγνόμην | γῐ́γνεο, γῐ́γνευ |
γῐ́γνετο | γῐ́γνεσθον | γῐγνέσθην | γῐγνόμε(σ)θᾰ | γῐ́γνεσθε | γῐ́γνοντο | ||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Future: γενήσομαι, γενηθήσομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle | indicative | γενήσομαι | γενήσῃ, γενήσει |
γενήσεται | γενήσεσθον | γενήσεσθον | γενησόμεθᾰ | γενήσεσθε | γενήσονται | ||||
| optative | γενησοίμην | γενήσοιο | γενήσοιτο | γενήσοισθον | γενησοίσθην | γενησοίμεθᾰ | γενήσοισθε | γενήσοιντο | |||||
| passive | indicative | γενηθήσομαι | γενηθήσῃ, γενηθήσει |
γενηθήσεται | γενηθήσεσθον | γενηθήσεσθον | γενηθησόμεθᾰ | γενηθήσεσθε | γενηθήσονται | ||||
| optative | γενηθησοίμην | γενηθήσοιο | γενηθήσοιτο | γενηθήσοισθον | γενηθησοίσθην | γενηθησοίμεθᾰ | γενηθήσοισθε | γενηθήσοιντο | |||||
| middle | passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | γενήσεσθαι | γενηθήσεσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | γενησόμενος | γενηθησόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | γενησομένη | γενηθησομένη | |||||||||||
| n | γενησόμενον | γενηθησόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | γέγᾰκᾰ | γέγᾰκᾰς | γέγᾰκε(ν) | γεγᾰ́κᾰτον | γεγᾰ́κᾰτον | γεγᾰ́κᾰμεν | γεγᾰ́κᾰτε | γεγᾰ́κᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | γεγᾰ́κω(μῐ) | γεγᾰ́κῃσ(θᾰ) | γεγᾰ́κῃσῐ(ν), γεγᾰ́κῃ |
γεγᾰ́κητον | γεγᾰ́κητον | γεγᾰ́κωμεν | γεγᾰ́κητε | γεγᾰ́κωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | γεγᾰ́κοιμῐ, γεγᾰκοίην |
γεγᾰ́κοισ(θᾰ), γεγᾰκοίησ(θᾰ) |
γεγᾰ́κοι, γεγᾰκοίη |
γεγᾰ́κοιτον | γεγᾰκοίτην | γεγᾰ́κοιμεν | γεγᾰ́κοιτε | γεγᾰ́κοιεν | |||||
| imperative | γέγᾰκε | γεγᾰκέτω | γεγᾰ́κετον | γεγᾰκέτων | γεγᾰ́κετε | γεγᾰκόντων | |||||||
| active | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | γεγᾰ́κειν | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | γεγᾰκώς | |||||||||||
| f | γεγᾰκυῖᾰ | ||||||||||||
| n | γεγᾰκός | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Pluperfect: ἐγεγόνειν, ἐγεγενήμην
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἐγεγόνειν, ἐγεγόνη |
ἐγεγόνεις, ἐγεγόνης |
ἐγεγόνει(ν) | ἐγεγόνετον | ἐγεγονέτην | ἐγεγόνεμεν | ἐγεγόνετε | ἐγεγόνεσᾰν | ||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ἐγεγενήμην | ἐγεγένησο | ἐγεγένητο | ἐγεγένησθον | ἐγεγενήσθην | ἐγεγενήμεθᾰ | ἐγεγένησθε | ἐγεγένηντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | γεγᾰ́εεν, γεγᾰ́ειν, γεγᾰ́εᾰ |
γεγᾰ́εες, γεγᾰ́εις, γεγᾰ́εᾰς, γεγᾰ́ης |
γεγᾰ́εε(ν), γεγᾰ́ει(ν) |
γεγᾰ́ετον | γεγᾰέτην | γεγᾰ́εμεν | γεγᾰ́ετε | γεγᾰ́εσᾰν, γέγᾰεν | ||||
| middle/ |
indicative | γεγᾰ́μην | γέγᾰσο | γέγᾰτο | γέγᾰσθον | γεγᾰ́σθην | γεγᾰ́μεθᾰ | γέγᾰσθε | γέγᾰντο | ||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Future perfect: γεγενήσομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle/ |
indicative | γεγενήσομαι | γεγενήσῃ, γεγενήσει |
γεγενήσεται | γεγενήσεσθον | γεγενήσεσθον | γεγενησόμεθᾰ | γεγενήσεσθε | γεγενήσονται | ||||
| optative | γεγενησοίμην | γεγενήσοιο | γεγενήσοιτο | γεγενήσοισθον | γεγενησοίσθην | γεγενησοίμεθᾰ | γεγενήσοισθε | γεγενήσοιντο | |||||
| middle/ | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | γεγενήσεσθαι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | γεγενησόμενος | |||||||||||
| f | γεγενησομένη | ||||||||||||
| n | γεγενησόμενον | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]- ᾰ̓νᾰγῐ́γνομαι (ănăgĭ́gnomai)
- ᾰ̓πογῐ́γνομαι (ăpogĭ́gnomai)
- ᾰ̓πογῑ́νομαι (ăpogī́nomai)
- δῐᾰγῐ́γνομαι (dĭăgĭ́gnomai)
- δῐᾰγῑ́νομαι (dĭăgī́nomai)
- ἐγγῐ́γνομαι (engĭ́gnomai)
- ἐγγῑ́νομαι (engī́nomai)
- ἐγκᾰτᾰγῐ́γνομαι (enkătăgĭ́gnomai)
- εἰσγῐ́γνομαι (eisgĭ́gnomai)
- ἐκγῐ́γνομαι (ekgĭ́gnomai)
- ἐκγῑ́νομαι (ekgī́nomai)
- ἐμπᾰρᾰγῐ́γνομαι (empărăgĭ́gnomai)
- ἐμπροσγῐ́γνομαι (emprosgĭ́gnomai)
- ἐπῐγῐ́γνομαι (epĭgĭ́gnomai)
- ἐπῐγῑ́νομαι (epĭgī́nomai)
- ἐπῐπᾰρᾰγῐ́γνομαι (epĭpărăgĭ́gnomai)
- ἐπῐπροσγῐ́γνομαι (epĭprosgĭ́gnomai)
- κᾰτᾰγῐ́γνομαι (kătăgĭ́gnomai)
- κᾰτᾰγῑ́νομαι (kătăgī́nomai)
- μετᾰγῐ́γνομαι (metăgĭ́gnomai)
- μετᾰγῑ́νομαι (metăgī́nomai)
- ξῠγγῐ́γνομαι (xŭngĭ́gnomai)
- πᾰλῐγγῐ́γνομαι (pălĭngĭ́gnomai)
- πᾰρᾰγῐ́γνομαι (părăgĭ́gnomai)
- πᾰρᾰγῑ́νομαι (părăgī́nomai)
- περῐγῐ́γνομαι (perĭgĭ́gnomai)
- περῐγῑ́νομαι (perĭgī́nomai)
- προγῐ́γνομαι (progĭ́gnomai)
- προγῑ́νομαι (progī́nomai)
- προεπῐγῐ́γνομαι (proepĭgĭ́gnomai)
- προξῠγγῐ́γνομαι (proxŭngĭ́gnomai)
- προπᾰρᾰγῐ́γνομαι (propărăgĭ́gnomai)
- προσγῐ́γνομαι (prosgĭ́gnomai)
- προσγῑ́νομαι (prosgī́nomai)
- προσεπῐγῐ́γνομαι (prosepĭgĭ́gnomai)
- προσεπῐγῑ́νομαι (prosepĭgī́nomai)
- προσπερῐγῐ́γνομαι (prosperĭgĭ́gnomai)
- προσῠγγῐ́γνομαι (prosŭngĭ́gnomai)
- σῠγγῐ́γνομαι (sŭngĭ́gnomai)
- σῠγγῑ́νομαι (sŭngī́nomai)
- σῠγκᾰτᾰγῐ́γνομαι (sŭnkătăgĭ́gnomai)
- σῠγκᾰτᾰγῑ́νομαι (sŭnkătăgī́nomai)
- σῠμπᾰρᾰγῐ́γνομαι (sŭmpărăgĭ́gnomai)
- σῠμπᾰρᾰγῑ́νομαι (sŭmpărăgī́nomai)
- σῠμπερῐγῐ́γνομαι (sŭmperĭgĭ́gnomai)
- σῠμπογγῐ́γνομαι (sŭmpongĭ́gnomai)
- σῠμποτῐγῐ́γνομαι (sŭmpotĭgĭ́gnomai)
- σῠμποτῐγῑ́νομαι (sŭmpotĭgī́nomai)
- σῠμπροσγῐ́γνομαι (sŭmprosgĭ́gnomai)
- σῠνᾰπογῐ́γνομαι (sŭnăpogĭ́gnomai)
- σῠνδῐᾰγῐ́γνομαι (sŭndĭăgĭ́gnomai)
- σῠνεπῐγῐ́γνομαι (sŭnepĭgĭ́gnomai)
- ῠ̔περγῐ́γνομαι (hŭpergĭ́gnomai)
- ῠ̔πογῐ́γνομαι (hŭpogĭ́gnomai)
- ῠ̔πογῑ́νομαι (hŭpogī́nomai)
Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “γίγνομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 272
Further reading
[edit]- “γίγνομαι”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “γίγνομαι”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “γίγνομαι”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- γίγνομαι in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- G1096 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- Valente, Stefano (19 November 2018), Giannakis, Georgios K, Charalambakis, Christoforos, Montanari, Franco, Rengakos, Antonios, editors, From Plato to the Byzantine Etymologica: The etymologies of ‘ἥρωες’ in the Etymologicum Gudianum[1], De Gruyter, , →ISBN, page 80
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵenh₁-
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek 3-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek verbs
- Ancient Greek proparoxytone terms
- Ancient Greek terms with quotations
- Ancient Greek terms with usage examples
- Ancient Greek copulative verbs