δύσκολος
Ancient Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Apparently a formation from δυσ- (dus-, “bad, hard, unfortunate”) + a component κόλος (kólos) of unknown meaning and origin,[1] though it could possibly be a variant of χολή (kholḗ, “bile”).[2]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /dýs.ko.los/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈdys.ko.los/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈðys.ko.los/
- (10th CE Medieval) IPA(key): /ˈðys.ko.los/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈðis.ko.los/
Adjective
[edit]δύσκολος • (dúskolos) m or f (neuter δύσκολον); second declension
Inflection
[edit]| singular | dual | plural | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
| nominative | δύσκολοςdúskolos | δύσκολονdúskolon | δυσκόλωduskólō | δυσκόλωduskólō | δύσκολοιdúskoloi | δύσκολᾰdúskolă | |||||
| genitive | δυσκόλουduskólou | δυσκόλουduskólou | δυσκόλοινduskóloin | δυσκόλοινduskóloin | δυσκόλωνduskólōn | δυσκόλωνduskólōn | |||||
| dative | δυσκόλῳduskólōi | δυσκόλῳduskólōi | δυσκόλοινduskóloin | δυσκόλοινduskóloin | δυσκόλοιςduskólois | δυσκόλοιςduskólois | |||||
| accusative | δύσκολονdúskolon | δύσκολονdúskolon | δυσκόλωduskólō | δυσκόλωduskólō | δυσκόλουςduskólous | δύσκολᾰdúskolă | |||||
| vocative | δύσκολεdúskole | δύσκολονdúskolon | δυσκόλωduskólō | δυσκόλωduskólō | δύσκολοιdúskoloi | δύσκολᾰdúskolă | |||||
| derived forms | adverb | comparative | superlative | ||||||||
| δυσκόλωςduskólōs | δυσκολώτεροςduskolṓteros | δυσκολώτᾰτοςduskolṓtătos | |||||||||
- This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.
Antonyms
[edit]- εὔκολος (eúkolos)
Derived terms
[edit]- δυσκολόκαμπτος (duskolókamptos)
- δυσκολοκοιτέω (duskolokoitéō)
- δυσκολόκοιτος (duskolókoitos)
- ὑποδύσκολος (hupodúskolos)
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “δύσκολος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 360
- ^ Roberts, Edward A. (2014), A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language with Families of Words based on Indo-European Roots, Self-published: Xlibris, →ISBN, p. 547
Further reading
[edit]- “δύσκολος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “δύσκολος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “δύσκολος” in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- “δύσκολος” in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2026)
Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Ancient Greek δύσκολος (dúskolos, “difficult”), from Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-, “bad, hard, unfortunate”) + an unknown component. See the ancient version for more.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]δύσκολος • (dýskolos) m (feminine δύσκολη, neuter δύσκολο)
- (most senses) difficult, hard, tough, arduous (not easy, requiring much effort)
- Τα Κινέζικα είναι δύσκολη γλώσσα να μάθεις.
- Ta Kinézika eínai dýskoli glóssa na mátheis.
- Chinese is a difficult language to learn.
- Η Ελλάδα περνάει δύσκολους καιρούς με την οικονομία της.
- I Elláda pernáei dýskolous kairoús me tin oikonomía tis.
- Greece is going through tough times with the economy.
- (medicine) refractory (difficult to treat)
- Ο πατέρας μου πάσχει από δύσκολη ασθένεια.
- O patéras mou páschei apó dýskoli asthéneia.
- My father is suffering from a refractory illness.
- (of people) difficult, uncooperative, troublesome (hard to manage)
- Η μητέρα μου πάντα ήταν δύσκολος άνθρωπος.
- I mitéra mou pánta ítan dýskolos ánthropos.
- My mother was always a difficult person.
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | δύσκολος (dýskolos) | δύσκολη (dýskoli) | δύσκολο (dýskolo) | δύσκολοι (dýskoloi) | δύσκολες (dýskoles) | δύσκολα (dýskola) | |
| genitive | δύσκολου (dýskolou) | δύσκολης (dýskolis) | δύσκολου (dýskolou) | δύσκολων (dýskolon) | δύσκολων (dýskolon) | δύσκολων (dýskolon) | |
| accusative | δύσκολο (dýskolo) | δύσκολη (dýskoli) | δύσκολο (dýskolo) | δύσκολους (dýskolous) | δύσκολες (dýskoles) | δύσκολα (dýskola) | |
| vocative | δύσκολε (dýskole) | δύσκολη (dýskoli) | δύσκολο (dýskolo) | δύσκολοι (dýskoloi) | δύσκολες (dýskoles) | δύσκολα (dýskola) | |
Derivations:
Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο δύσκολος, etc.)
Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο δύσκολος, etc.)
Derivations: relative superlative: ο + comparative forms: e.g. ο δυσκολότερος (o dyskolóteros), etc.
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Synonyms
[edit]- (difficult, tough): δυσχερής (dyscherís), επίπονος (epíponos), ζόρικος (zórikos), χαλεπός (chalepós), δυσνόητος (dysnóitos, “difficult to understand, incomprehensible”), περίπλοκος (períplokos, “difficult to understand, complicated”), προβληματικός (provlimatikós, “difficult, problematic”)
- (difficult to treat, refractory): δυσθεράπευτος (dystherápeftos)
- (difficult, uncooperative): δύστροπος (dýstropos), ιδιότροπος (idiótropos), ανάποδος (anápodos), στριμμένος (strimménos), στριφνός (strifnós)
Antonyms
[edit]- (antonym(s) of “difficult, tough”): εύκολος (éfkolos), εύληπτος (évliptos, “easy to understand, comprehensible”), ευνοϊκός (evnoïkós, “easy, favourable”)
Related terms
[edit]- δυσκοίλιος (dyskoílios, “constipated”)
- δυσκοιλιότητα f (dyskoiliótita, “constipation”)
- δύσκολα (dýskola, “with difficulty”)
- δυσκόλεμα n (dyskólema, “difficulty”)
- δυσκολεύω (dyskolévo, “to make difficult”)
- δυσκολία f (dyskolía, “difficulty, trouble”)
- δυσκολο- (dyskolo-, “difficult, hard”, prefix)
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms prefixed with δυσ-
- Ancient Greek 3-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek adjectives
- Ancient Greek proparoxytone terms
- Greek terms inherited from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek adjectives
- Greek terms with usage examples
- el:Medicine
- Greek adjectives in declension ος-η-ο