κράνος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

A nominal formation related to κᾰ́ρᾱ (kắrā, “head”) and κρᾱνῐ́ον (krānĭ́on, “cranium”), albeit with unclear morphology due to the form of the word precluding a laryngeal otherwise found in its relatives. Probably not related to κάρυον (káruon, “nut”) or κραναός (kranaós, “rocky”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /krá.nos/ → /ˈkra.nos/ → /ˈkra.nos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /krá.nos/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈkra.nos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈkra.nos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈkra.nos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈkra.nos/

Noun

κρᾰ́νος • (krắnos) n (genitive κρᾰ́νους or κρᾰ́νεος); third declension

1. helmet

   Synonym: κόρυς (kórus)

   • 460 BCE – 430 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.89.3:

     οὗτοι δὲ εἶχον περὶ μὲν τῇσι κεφαλῇσι κράνεα χηλευτά, ἀσπίδας δὲ κοίλας, […]

     hoûtoi dè eîkhon perì mèn tēîsi kephalēîsi kránea khēleutá, aspídas dè koílas, […]

     • Translation by George Rawlinson

       Their crews had plaited helmets upon their heads, and bore concave shields with rims of unusual size.

Inflection

Third declension of τὸ κρᾰ́νος; τοῦ κρᾰ́νους (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ κρᾰ́νος tò krắnos	τὼ κρᾰ́νει tṑ krắnei	τᾰ̀ κρᾰ́νη tằ krắnē
Genitive	τοῦ κρᾰ́νους toû krắnous	τοῖν κρᾰνοῖν toîn krănoîn	τῶν κρᾰνῶν tôn krănôn
Dative	τῷ κρᾰ́νει tōî krắnei	τοῖν κρᾰνοῖν toîn krănoîn	τοῖς κρᾰ́νεσῐ / κρᾰ́νεσῐν toîs krắnesĭ(n)
Accusative	τὸ κρᾰ́νος tò krắnos	τὼ κρᾰ́νει tṑ krắnei	τᾰ̀ κρᾰ́νη tằ krắnē
Vocative	κρᾰ́νος krắnos	κρᾰ́νει krắnei	κρᾰ́νη krắnē
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Third declension of τὸ κρᾰ́νος; τοῦ κρᾰ́νεος / κρᾰ́νευς (Ionic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ κρᾰ́νος tò krắnos	τὼ κρᾰ́νεε / κρᾰ́νει tṑ krắnee / krắnei	τᾰ̀ κρᾰ́νεᾰ tằ krắneă
Genitive	τοῦ κρᾰ́νεος / κρᾰ́νευς toû krắneos / krắneus	τοῖν κρᾰνέοιν toîn krănéoin	τῶν κρᾰνέων tôn krănéōn
Dative	τῷ κρᾰ́νεῐ̈ / κρᾰ́νει tōî krắneĭ̈ / krắnei	τοῖν κρᾰνέοιν toîn krănéoin	τοῖσῐ / τοῖσῐν κρᾰ́νεσῐ / κρᾰ́νεσῐν toîsĭ(n) krắnesĭ(n)
Accusative	τὸ κρᾰ́νος tò krắnos	τὼ κρᾰ́νεε / κρᾰ́νει tṑ krắnee / krắnei	τᾰ̀ κρᾰ́νεᾰ tằ krắneă
Vocative	κρᾰ́νος krắnos	κρᾰ́νεε / κρᾰ́νει krắnee / krắnei	κρᾰ́νεᾰ krắneă
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Descendants

• Greek: κράνος (krános)

Further reading

• “κράνος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “κράνος” in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• “κράνος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• κράνος in Pape, Wilhelm (1914), Max Sengebusch, editor, Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache‎^[1] (in German), 3rd edition, Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn
• κράνος, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011

Greek

Etymology

From Ancient Greek κρᾰ́νος (krắnos).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɾanos/

Noun

κράνος • (krános) n (plural κράνη)

1. helmet (for cycling, motorcycling, police, etc)

Declension

Declension of κράνος

	singular	plural
nominative	κράνος (krános)	κράνη (kráni)
genitive	κράνους (kránous)	κρανών (kranón)
accusative	κράνος (krános)	κράνη (kráni)
vocative	κράνος (krános)	κράνη (kráni)

The ungrammatical plural κράνοι is found

Synonyms

• κάσκα f (káska) (less common term)
• (military) περικεφαλαία f (perikefalaía)

Related terms

• κρανίο n (kranío, “skull”)

Further reading

• κράνος, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language