κρίνω
Ancient Greek
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Hellenic *kríňňō, from Proto-Indo-European *kri-n-yé-ti, from *krey- (“to sift, separate”). Cognates include English rinse, Latin cernō (“to separate, discern”), and Welsh gogrynu.[1]
The root of the verb was originally short, but the Attic–Ionic–Doric present tense κρῑ́νω (krī́nō) has a long ῑ (ī) because the vowel of the root was compensatorily lengthened after the shortening of Proto-Hellenic *ňň, and the aorist ἔκρῑνᾰ (ékrīnă) has long ῑ (ī) because of compensatory lengthening after the loss of the aorist tense-marker /s/ in the original form /ekrin-sa/. The Aeolic present κρῐ́ννω (krĭ́nnō) and aorist ἔκρῐννε (ékrĭnne) have a short ῐ (ĭ) and doubled νν (nn) because the consonant ν (n) was compensatorily lengthened instead of the vowel.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /krǐː.nɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈkri.no/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈkri.no/
- (10th CE Medieval) IPA(key): /ˈkri.no/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈkri.no/
Verb
[edit]κρῑ́νω • (krī́nō)
- (transitive) to separate, divide, part, distinguish between two things or people or among a group of things or people
- (transitive) to order, arrange
- to inquire, investigate
- to select, choose, prefer
- (transitive) to decide a dispute or contest, with accusative of the contest or dispute, or accusative of a person involved in the contest or dispute; (intransitive) to pass judgement, come to a decision
- (middle voice, passive voice) to have a contest decided
- (middle voice and passive voice) to contend, dispute, quarrel
- to decide or judge [with accusative ‘that something’ and infinitive ‘does something’; or with accusative ‘that something’ and accusative ‘is something’]
- to discern between good and bad
- to judge, pronounce
- to bring to court, accuse
- to pass sentence on, condemn, criticize
- to secrete
Inflection
[edit] Present: κρῑ́νω, κρῑ́νομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔκρῑνον | ἔκρῑνες | ἔκρῑνε(ν) | ἐκρῑ́νετον | ἐκρῑνέτην | ἐκρῑ́νομεν | ἐκρῑ́νετε | ἔκρῑνον | ||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ἐκρῑνόμην | ἐκρῑ́νου | ἐκρῑ́νετο | ἐκρῑ́νεσθον | ἐκρῑνέσθην | ἐκρῑνόμεθᾰ | ἐκρῑ́νεσθε | ἐκρῑ́νοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Pluperfect: ἐκεκρῐ́κειν, ἐκεκρῐ́μην
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἐκεκρῐ́κειν, ἐκεκρῐ́κη |
ἐκεκρῐ́κεις, ἐκεκρῐ́κης |
ἐκεκρῐ́κει(ν) | ἐκεκρῐ́κετον | ἐκεκρῐκέτην | ἐκεκρῐ́κεμεν | ἐκεκρῐ́κετε | ἐκεκρῐ́κεσᾰν | ||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ἐκεκρῐ́μην | ἐκέκρῐσο | ἐκέκρῐτο | ἐκέκρῐσθον | ἐκεκρῐ́σθην | ἐκεκρῐ́μεθᾰ | ἐκέκρῐσθε | ἐκέκρῐντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]- ἀνακρῑ́νω (anakrī́nō)
- ἀποκρῑ́νω (apokrī́nō)
- διακρῑ́νω (diakrī́nō)
- ἐγκρῑ́νω (enkrī́nō)
- ἐκκρῑ́νω (ekkrī́nō)
- ἐπικρῑ́νω (epikrī́nō)
- κατακρῑ́νω (katakrī́nō)
- κρίμα (kríma)
- κρίσις (krísis)
- κριτής (kritḗs)
- κριτός (kritós)
- παρακρῑ́νω (parakrī́nō)
- περικρῑ́νω (perikrī́nō)
- προκρῑ́νω (prokrī́nō)
- προσκρῑ́νω (proskrī́nō)
- συγκρῑ́νω (sunkrī́nō)
- ὑποκρῑ́νομαι (hupokrī́nomai)
Descendants
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /krí.nɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈkri.no/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈkri.no/
- (10th CE Medieval) IPA(key): /ˈkri.no/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈkri.no/
Noun
[edit]κρῐ́νω • (krĭ́nō)
- nominative/accusative/vocative dual of κρῐ́νον (krĭ́non)
References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κρῑ́νω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 780–781
Further reading
[edit]- “κρίνω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “κρίνω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “κρίνω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- κρίνω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “κρίνω”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- Strong, James (1979), “G2919”, in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Ancient Greek κρίνω, from Proto-Hellenic *kríňňō, from Proto-Indo-European *kri-n-ye-, from *krey-.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]κρίνω • (kríno) (imperfect έκρινα, past έκρινα, passive κρίνομαι) passive past: κρίθηκα
Conjugation
[edit]κρίνω, κρίνομαι
| Active voice ➤ | Passive voice ➤ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect ➤ | Perfective aspect ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect |
| Non-past tenses ➤ | Present ➤ | Dependent ➤ | Present | Dependent |
| 1 sg | κρίνω | κρίνω | κρίνομαι | κριθώ |
| 2 sg | κρίνεις | κρίνεις | κρίνεσαι | κριθείς |
| 3 sg | κρίνει | κρίνει | κρίνεται | κριθεί |
| 1 pl | κρίνουμε, [κρίνομε] | κρίνουμε, [κρίνομε] | κρινόμαστε | κριθούμε |
| 2 pl | κρίνετε | κρίνετε | κρίνεστε, κρινόσαστε | κριθείτε |
| 3 pl | κρίνουν(ε) | κρίνουν(ε) | κρίνονται | κριθούν(ε) |
| Past tenses ➤ | Imperfect ➤ | Simple past ➤ | Imperfect | Simple past |
| 1 sg | έκρινα | έκρινα | κρινόμουν(α) | κρίθηκα |
| 2 sg | έκρινες | έκρινες | κρινόσουν(α) | κρίθηκες |
| 3 sg | έκρινε | έκρινε | κρινόταν(ε) | κρίθηκε |
| 1 pl | κρίναμε | κρίναμε | κρινόμασταν, (κρινόμαστε) | κριθήκαμε |
| 2 pl | κρίνατε | κρίνατε | κρινόσασταν, (κρινόσαστε) | κριθήκατε |
| 3 pl | έκριναν, κρίναν(ε) | έκριναν, κρίναν(ε) | κρίνονταν, (κρινόντουσαν) | κρίθηκαν, κριθήκαν(ε) |
| Future tenses ➤ | Continuous ➤ | Simple ➤ | Continuous | Simple |
| 1 sg | θα κρίνω ➤ | θα κρίνω ➤ | θα κρίνομαι ➤ | θα κριθώ ➤ |
| 2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl | θα κρίνεις, … | θα κρίνεις, … | θα κρίνεσαι, … | θα κριθείς, … |
| Perfect aspect ➤ | Perfect aspect | |||
| Present perfect ➤ | έχω, έχεις, … κρίνει | έχω, έχεις, … κριθεί είμαι, είσαι, … κριμένος, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ | ||
| Past perfect ➤ | είχα, είχες, … κρίνει | είχα, είχες, … κριθεί ήμουν, ήσουν, … κριμένος, ‑η, ‑ο | ||
| Future perfect ➤ | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … κρίνει | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … κριθεί θα είμαι, θα είσαι, … κριμένος, ‑η, ‑ο | ||
| Subjunctive mood ➤ | Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας). | |||
| Imperative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect |
| 2 sg | κρίνε | κρίνε | — | — |
| 2 pl | κρίνετε | κρίνετε | κρίνεστε | κριθείτε |
| Other forms | Active voice | Passive voice | ||
| Present participle➤ | κρίνοντας ➤ | — | ||
| Perfect participle➤ | έχοντας κρίνει ➤ | κριμένος, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ | ||
| Nonfinite form➤ | κρίνει | κριθεί | ||
| Notes Appendix:Greek verbs |
• (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive. | |||
Related terms
[edit]Verbs -and see their derivatives-
- ανακρίνω (anakríno, “interrogate”)
- ανταποκρίνομαι (antapokrínomai, “respond, meet expectation”)
- απεκκρίνω (apekkríno, “excrete”)
- αποκρίνομαι (apokrínomai, “respond”)
- αυτοκρίνομαι (aftokrínomai, “examine oneself”)
- διακρίνω (diakríno, “discent”)
- διευκρινίζω (diefkrinízo, “clarify”)
- εγκρίνω (egkríno, “approve”)
- εκκρίνω (ekkríno, “secrete”)
- επανακρίνω (epanakríno, “judge again”)
- επικρίνω (epikríno, “criticise”)
- κατακρίνω (katakríno, “reproach”)
- κριματίζω (krimatízo, “make someone sin”)
- κριτικάρω (kritikáro, “criticise”)
- λογοκρίνω (logokríno, “censor”)
- προανακρίνω (proanakríno, “make preliminary interrogation”)
- προκρίνω (prokríno, “mark out, choose as better”)
- συγκεκριμενοποιώ (sygkekrimenopoió, “make precise”)
- συγκρίνω (sygkríno, “compare”)
- υπερεκκρίνω (yperekkríno, “hypersecrete”)
- υποκρίνομαι (ypokrínomai, “pretend”)
Other related words
- αιματοκρίτης m (aimatokrítis, “haemotocrit”)
- ακρισία f (akrisía, “lack of judgement”)
- ακριτομυθία f (akritomythía, “indiscretion”)
- ακριτόμυθος (akritómythos, “indiscreet, blabber”)
- άκριτος (ákritos, “unthinking, unjudged”)
- αυτοκριτική f (aftokritikí, “self-criticism”)
- βιβλιοκρισία f (vivliokrisía, “book review”)
- βιβλιοκριτικός m (vivliokritikós, “book reviewer”)
- δικαιοκρίτης m (dikaiokrítis, “who judges fairly”) (of God)
- ειλικρίνεια f (eilikríneia, “sincerity”)
- ειλικρινής (eilikrinís, “sincere”)
- εμπειριοκριτικισμός m (empeiriokritikismós)
- ενδοέκκριση f (endoékkrisi, “endocrine”)
- ενδοκρινής (endokrinís, “endocrine”)
- ενδοκρινολογία f (endokrinología, “endocrinology”)
- ενδοκρινολόγος m (endokrinológos, “endocrinlogist”)
- εξωκρινής (exokrinís, “exocrine”)
- ευθυκρισία f (efthykrisía, “straight judgement”)
- ευκρίνεια f (efkríneia, “clear visibility, resolution”)
- ευκρινής (efkrinís, “indicated in clear, easily recognizable”)
- θεοκρισία f (theokrisía, “god's judgement”)
- κρίμα n (kríma, “pity; misdeed”)
- κρίση f (krísi, “judgement; crisis”)
- κρίσιμος (krísimos, “crucial; critical”)
- κρισιμότητα f (krisimótita, “criticality”)
- κριτήριο n (kritírio, “criterion”)
- κριτής m (kritís, “umpire, judge”)
- κριτική f (kritikí, “criticism; critique”)
- κριτικισμός m (kritikismós, “criticism, critical theory”) (philosophy)
- κριτικογραφία f (kritikografía)
- κριτικογράφος m (kritikográfos)
- κριτικός (kritikós, “critic”)
- κρίτρα n pl (krítra, “judge's fee”)
- μουσικοκριτικός m (mousikokritikós, “music critic”)
- ονειροκρίτης m (oneirokrítis)
- προκριματικός (prokrimatikós, “preliminary”)
- τεχνοκρίτης m (technokrítis, “art critic”)
- τεχνοκριτική f (technokritikí, “art criticism”)
- τεχνοκριτικός m (technokritikós, “art critic”)
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *krey-
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek verbs
- Ancient Greek paroxytone terms
- Ancient Greek transitive verbs
- Ancient Greek intransitive verbs
- Ancient Greek non-lemma forms
- Ancient Greek noun forms
- grc:Thinking
- grc:Law
- Greek terms inherited from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic
- Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic
- Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek terms with homophones
- Greek lemmas
- Greek verbs
- Greek verbs conjugating like 'κρίνω'