χαίρω
Appearance
Ancient Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Hellenic *kʰəřřō, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer-.[1] The iota in the progressive forms (present system) is a reflex of the *y marker for the present tense added onto the root χαρ- (khar-).[2]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /kʰǎi̯.rɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈkʰɛ.ro/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈçɛ.ro/
- (10th CE Medieval) IPA(key): /ˈçe.ro/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈçe.ro/
Verb
[edit]χαίρω • (khaírō)
- to be full of cheer; to be happy
- to enjoy [with dative ‘something’; or with participle ‘doing something’]
- (perfect) to be very glad; to enjoy [with dative ‘something’; or with participle ‘doing something’] a great deal
- 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 764–766:
- σὺ δ’ οὖν, ἐπειδὴ τοῦτο κεχάρηκας ποιῶν,
ἐκεῖσε μὲν μηκέτι βάδιζ’, ἀλλ’ ἐνθάδε
αὐτοῦ μένων δίκαζε τοῖσιν οἰκέταις.- sù d’ oûn, epeidḕ toûto kekhárēkas poiôn,
ekeîse mèn mēkéti bádiz’, all’ entháde
autoû ménōn díkaze toîsin oikétais. - Very well then, since you find so much pleasure in it,
go down there no more, but stay
here and deal out justice to your slaves.
- sù d’ oûn, epeidḕ toûto kekhárēkas poiôn,
- σὺ δ’ οὖν, ἐπειδὴ τοῦτο κεχάρηκας ποιῶν,
- (on meeting or parting, imperative) be well; farewell, be glad, God speed, greetings, hail, joy(‐fully), rejoice (as a salutation)
Conjugation
[edit]In addition to the forms shown below, there are reduplicated forms used in Homer: κεχάνδει (kekhándei), κεχανδότα (kekhandóta), κεχαρηότα (kekharēóta), κεχαρησέμεν (kekharēsémen), κεχαρήσεται (kekharḗsetai), κεχαρισμένα (kekharisména), κεχαρισμένε (kekharisméne), κεχαρισμένος (kekharisménos), κεχάριστο (kekháristo), κεχαροίατο (kekharoíato), κεχάροιτο (kekhároito), κεχάροντο (kekháronto).
Present: χαίρω, χαίρομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔχαιρον | ἔχαιρες | ἔχαιρε(ν) | ἐχαίρετον | ἐχαιρέτην | ἐχαίρομεν | ἐχαίρετε | ἔχαιρον | ||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ἐχαιρόμην | ἐχαίρου | ἐχαίρετο | ἐχαίρεσθον | ἐχαιρέσθην | ἐχαιρόμεθᾰ | ἐχαίρεσθε | ἐχαίροντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Aorist: ἐχαίρησᾰ
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἐχαίρησᾰ | ἐχαίρησᾰς | ἐχαίρησε(ν) | ἐχαιρήσᾰτον | ἐχαιρησᾰ́την | ἐχαιρήσᾰμεν | ἐχαιρήσᾰτε | ἐχαίρησᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | χαιρήσω | χαιρήσῃς | χαιρήσῃ | χαιρήσητον | χαιρήσητον | χαιρήσωμεν | χαιρήσητε | χαιρήσωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | χαιρήσαιμῐ | χαιρήσειᾰς, χαιρήσαις |
χαιρήσειε(ν), χαιρήσαι |
χαιρήσαιτον | χαιρησαίτην | χαιρήσαιμεν | χαιρήσαιτε | χαιρήσειᾰν, χαιρήσαιεν | |||||
| imperative | χαίρησον | χαιρησᾰ́τω | χαιρήσᾰτον | χαιρησᾰ́των | χαιρήσᾰτε | χαιρησᾰ́ντων | |||||||
| active | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | χαιρῆσαι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | χαιρήσᾱς | |||||||||||
| f | χαιρήσᾱσᾰ | ||||||||||||
| n | χαιρῆσᾰν | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle | indicative | χηρᾰ́μην | χήρᾰο | χήρᾰτο | χήρᾰσθον | χηρᾰ́σθην | χηρᾰ́με(σ)θᾰ | χήρᾰσθε | χήρᾰντο | ||||
| subjunctive | χήρωμαι, χήρομαι |
χήρεαι, χήρῃ |
χήρηται, χήρεται |
χήρησθον | χήρησθον | χηρώμε(σ)θᾰ, χηρόμε(σ)θᾰ |
χήρησθε | χήρωνται | |||||
| optative | χηραίμην | χήραιο | χήραιτο | χήραισθον | χηραίσθην | χηραίμε(σ)θᾰ | χήραισθε | χηραίᾰτο | |||||
| imperative | χῆραι | χηρᾰ́σθω | χήρᾰσθον | χηρᾰ́σθων | χήρᾰσθε | χηρᾰ́σθων | |||||||
| middle | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | χήρᾰσθαι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | χηρᾰ́μενος | |||||||||||
| f | χηρᾰμένη | ||||||||||||
| n | χηρᾰ́μενον | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Aorist: ἐχᾰ́ρην
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| passive | indicative | ἐχᾰ́ρην | ἐχᾰ́ρης | ἐχᾰ́ρη | ἐχᾰ́ρητον | ἐχᾰρήτην | ἐχᾰ́ρημεν | ἐχᾰ́ρητε | ἐχᾰ́ρησᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | χᾰρῶ | χᾰρῇς | χᾰρῇ | χᾰρῆτον | χᾰρῆτον | χᾰρῶμεν | χᾰρῆτε | χᾰρῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | χᾰρείην | χᾰρείης | χᾰρείη | χᾰρεῖτον, χᾰρείητον |
χᾰρείτην, χᾰρειήτην |
χᾰρεῖμεν, χᾰρείημεν |
χᾰρεῖτε, χᾰρείητε |
χᾰρεῖεν, χᾰρείησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | χᾰ́ρηθῐ | χᾰρήτω | χᾰ́ρητον | χᾰρήτων | χᾰ́ρητε | χᾰρέντων | |||||||
| passive | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | χᾰρῆναι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | χᾰρείς | |||||||||||
| f | χᾰρεῖσᾰ | ||||||||||||
| n | χᾰρέν | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Future: χαιρήσω
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | χαιρήσω | χαιρήσεις | χαιρήσει | χαιρήσετον | χαιρήσετον | χαιρήσομεν | χαιρήσετε | χαιρήσουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| optative | χαιρήσοιμῐ | χαιρήσοις | χαιρήσοι | χαιρήσοιτον | χαιρησοίτην | χαιρήσοιμεν | χαιρήσοιτε | χαιρήσοιεν | |||||
| active | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | χαιρήσειν | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | χαιρήσων | |||||||||||
| f | χαιρήσουσᾰ | ||||||||||||
| n | χαιρῆσον | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Perfect: κεχᾰ́ρηκᾰ
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | κεχᾰ́ρηκᾰ | κεχᾰ́ρηκᾰς | κεχᾰ́ρηκε(ν) | κεχᾰρήκᾰτον | κεχᾰρήκᾰτον | κεχᾰρήκᾰμεν | κεχᾰρήκᾰτε | κεχᾰρήκᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | κεχᾰρήκω | κεχᾰρήκῃς | κεχᾰρήκῃ | κεχᾰρήκητον | κεχᾰρήκητον | κεχᾰρήκωμεν | κεχᾰρήκητε | κεχᾰρήκωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | κεχᾰρήκοιμῐ, κεχᾰρηκοίην |
κεχᾰρήκοις, κεχᾰρηκοίης |
κεχᾰρήκοι, κεχᾰρηκοίη |
κεχᾰρήκοιτον | κεχᾰρηκοίτην | κεχᾰρήκοιμεν | κεχᾰρήκοιτε | κεχᾰρήκοιεν | |||||
| imperative | κεχᾰ́ρηκε | κεχᾰρηκέτω | κεχᾰρήκετον | κεχᾰρηκέτων | κεχᾰρήκετε | κεχᾰρηκόντων | |||||||
| active | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | κεχᾰρηκέναι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | κεχᾰρηκώς | |||||||||||
| f | κεχᾰρηκυῖᾰ | ||||||||||||
| n | κεχᾰρηκός | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]- ᾰ̓ντῐχαίρω (ăntĭkhaírō, “to rejoice in turn”)
- ᾰ̓ποχαιρετῐ́ζω (ăpokhairetĭ́zō, “to say farewell”)
- ἐπῐχαιρᾰ́γᾰθος (epĭkhairắgăthos, “taking delight in what is good”)
- ἐπῐχαιρεκᾰκέω (epĭkhairekăkéō, “to rejoice at one's misfortune”)
- ἐπῐχαιρεκᾰκῐ́ᾱ f (epĭkhairekăkĭ́ā, “spite”)
- ἐπῐχαιρεκᾰκῐ́ᾱ f (epĭkhairekăkĭ́ā, “schadenfreude”)
- ἐπῐχαιρέκᾰκος (epĭkhairékăkos, “rejoicing at one's misfortune”)
- ἐπῐχαίρω (epĭkhaírō, “to rejoice over”)
- ἐπῐχᾰ́ρτης m (epĭkhắrtēs, “one who enjoys schadenfreude”)
- κᾰτᾰχαίρω (kătăkhaírō, “to exult over”)
- περῐχαίρω (perĭkhaírō, “to rejoice exceedingly”)
- προσχαίρω (proskhaírō, “to rejoice at”)
- προχαίρω (prokhaírō, “to rejoice beforehand”)
- σῠγχαίρω (sŭnkhaírō, “to rejoice with”)
- ῠ̔περχαίρω (hŭperkhaírō, “to rejoice exceedingly”)
- ῠ̔ποχαίρω (hŭpokhaírō, “to rejoice secretly”)
- Χαιρέᾱς m (Khairéās, given name)
- χαιρεκᾰκέω (khairekăkéō, “to rejoice at another's misfortune”)
- χαιρεκᾰκῐ́ᾱ f (khairekăkĭ́ā, “spite”)
- χαιρέκᾰκος (khairékăkos, “rejoicing over one's misfortune”)
- χαιρετῐ́ζω (khairetĭ́zō, “to greet”)
- χαιρέτῐσμᾰ n (khairétĭsmă, “greeting”)
- χαιρετῐσμός m (khairetĭsmós, “respectful greeting”)
- χαιρετῐστῐκός (khairetĭstĭkós, adjective)
- χαιρέφῠλλον n (khairéphŭllon, “garden chervil, Anthriscus cerefolium”)
- Χαιρεφῶν m (Khairephôn)
- χαιρητῐκός (khairētĭkós, “jovial, hilarious”)
- χαιροσῠ́νη f (khairosŭ́nē, “joy”)
- Χαιρώνειᾰ f (Khairṓneiă)
- Χαιρωνεύς (Khairōneús)
Related terms
[edit]- εὐχᾰρῐστέω (eukhărĭstéō, “to thank”)
- χᾰρᾱ́ f (khărā́, “joy”)
- -χᾰρής (-khărḗs)
- χᾰριεντῐ́ζομαι (khărientĭ́zomai, “to jest”)
- χᾰ́ρῐς f (khắrĭs, “elegance; influence”)
- χᾰ́ρμᾰ n (khắrmă, “delight”)
Descendants
[edit]- Greek: χαίρω (chaíro)
References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “χαίρω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1606
- ^ See “The I Class”, p. 201-227 sections 292-330 in Curtius, Georg. The Greek Verb: Its Structure and Development. Translated by Augustus S Wilkins and E. B England. London: J. Murray, 1880
Further reading
[edit]- “χαίρω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “χαίρω” in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- χαίρω in Pape, Wilhelm (1914), Max Sengebusch, editor, Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache[1] (in German), 3rd edition, Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn
- χαίρω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “χαίρω”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- “χαίρω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- “χαίρω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- Strong, James (1979), “G5463”, in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Frisk, Hjalmar (1960–1972), “χαίρω”, in Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter
- χαίρω, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Ancient Greek χαίρω (khaírō).
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]χαίρω • (chaíro) (past —) (largely found in the expressions shown)
- to be happy, be glad
- Χαίρε Μαρία ― Chaíre María ― Hail Mary
- χαίρετε ― chaírete ― hi, hello, greetings
- χαίρω πολύ ― chaíro polý ― pleased to meet you
- χαίρω καλής φήμης ― chaíro kalís fímis ― have a good reputation
- χαίρω μεγάλης εκτιμήσεως ― chaíro megális ektimíseos ― to hold in high esteem
- χαίρω άκρας υγείας ― chaíro ákras ygeías ― to enjoy good health
- χάρηκα πολύ ― chárika polý ― pleased to have met you
Conjugation
[edit]χαίρω (active forms only imperfective)
| Active voice ➤ — Imperfective aspect ➤ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood ➤ | Present ➤ | Imperfect ➤ | Future ➤ | |
| 1 sg | χαίρω (χαίρομαι →) | έχαιρα | θα χαίρω | |
| 2 sg | χαίρεις | έχαιρες | θα χαίρεις | |
| 3 sg | χαίρει | έχαιρε | θα χαίρει | |
| 1 pl | χαίρουμε, χαίρομε | χαίραμε | θα χαίρουμε, χαίρομε | |
| 2 pl | χαίρετε | χαίρατε | θα χαίρετε | |
| 3 pl | χαίρουν, [χαίρουνε] | έχαιραν, [χαίραν, χαίρανε] | χαίρουν, [χαίρουνε] | |
| Subjunctive mood ➤ | Formed using present tense from above with a particle (να, ας). | |||
| Imperative mood ➤ | 2 sg | 2 pl | ||
| Imperfective aspect | χαίρε | χαίρετε | ||
| Other forms | Present participle ➤ | |||
| χαίροντας ➤ | ||||
| Notes Appendix:Greek verbs |
1. This is a formal verb, where informal colloquial endings are less likely to occur. 2. Other tenses are provided by χαίρομαι. • (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive. | |||
Synonyms
[edit]- χαίρομαι (chaíromai) (a deponent verb, morphologically passive form of χαίρω)
Derived terms
[edit]- Χαίρε Μαρία (Chaíre María, “Hail Mary”)
- χαίρετε (chaírete, “hello, greetings”)
- χαίρω πολύ (chaíro polý, “pleased to meet you”)
Related terms
[edit]And their derived terms:
- -χαρής (-charís)
- -χαρος (-charos)
- επιχαίρω (epichaíro, “gloat, rejoice over failure”)
- συγχαίρω (synchaíro, “congratulate”)
- χαρά f (chará, “joy”), χαρούμενος (charoúmenos, “happy”)
- χαιρετώ (chairetó, “to say hello”)
- χαιρετίζω (chairetízo, “greet”)
- χαιρέκακος (chairékakos, “spiteful”)
- χαίρομαι (chaíromai)
- καταχαίρομαι (katachaíromai, “exult, rejoice extremely”)
- χάρη f (chári, “grace; favour”)
- χάρις f (cháris, “grace”), ευχαριστώ (efcharistó, “thank”)
Further reading
[edit]- χαίρω, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰer- (yearn)
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek verbs
- Ancient Greek paroxytone terms
- Ancient Greek terms with quotations
- Ancient Greek verbs with a progressive iota or yod marker
- Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic
- Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic
- Greek terms inherited from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰer- (yearn)
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek verbs
- Greek terms with usage examples
- Greek irregular verbs
- Greek defective verbs
- Greek active-only verbs