клеймо

Bulgarian

Etymology

Borrowed from Russian клеймо́ (klejmó), of Germanic origin (cognate with dial. English cloam).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [klɛjˈmɔ]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

клеймо́ • (klejmó) n

1. (historical) brand (on a slave or criminal)
   1. postmark, stamp, seal
   2. (figurative) stain, mark, stigma

      Synonyms: петно́ (petnó), сти́гма (stígma)

Declension

Declension of клеймо́

	singular	plural
indefinite	клеймо́ klejmó	клейма́ klejmá
definite	клеймо́то klejmóto	клейма́та klejmáta

Derived terms

• кле́ймя (kléjmja), заклеймя́вам (zaklejmjávam, “to stigmatize”)

References

• “клеймо”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
• “клеймо”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

Russian

Etymology

Dialectally also клейно́ (klejnó); cognate with Ukrainian клеймо́ (klejmó), клейно́ (klejnó) and Belarusian кляймо́ (kljajmó), кляйно́ (kljajnó). Per Vasmer, borrowed from unattested Old High German *kleim (“glue, clay, mortar”), from Proto-West Germanic *klaim.

(Only Old High German kleimen (“to smear, to oil”) is attested, but the vowel sequence -ей- is most easily derived from Old High German or Old Norse among the Germanic languages, and Vasmer specifically denies a derivation from Old Norse kleima.)

Compare Old English clām (“clay, mud”) (whence dialectal English cloam (“clay”)), Middle Low German klēm (“glue, mortar, plaster”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [klʲɪjˈmo]

Noun

клеймо́ • (klejmó) n inan (genitive клейма́, nominative plural кле́йма, genitive plural клейм)

1. brand, stamp, identification mark
2. (figuratively) stain, taint as in tainted reputation
3. stigma

Declension

Declension of клеймо́ (inan neut-form hard-stem accent-d) 

	singular	plural
nominative	клеймо́ klejmó	кле́йма kléjma
genitive	клейма́ klejmá	кле́йм kléjm
dative	клейму́ klejmú	кле́ймам kléjmam
accusative	клеймо́ klejmó	кле́йма kléjma
instrumental	клеймо́м klejmóm	кле́ймами kléjmami
prepositional	клейме́ klejmé	кле́ймах kléjmax

Related terms

• клейми́ть impf (klejmítʹ), заклейми́ть pf (zaklejmítʹ)

Phrases

• клейма не́где ста́вить (klejma négde stávitʹ)

Descendants

• → Finnish: leima
• → Ingrian: kleima

References

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “клеймо”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Krylov, G. A. (2004) “клеймо”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Victory, →ISBN

Further reading

• Dal, Vladimir (1880–1882) “клеймо”, in Толковый Словарь живаго великорускаго языка [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Publication of the bookseller-typographer Wolf, M. O.