ли

See also: -ли, лӣ, and Appendix:Variations of "li"

Bulgarian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *li.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [li]
Audio: (file)

Particle

ли • (li)

yes-no question particle
Ще ходиш ли там?
Šte hodiš li tam?
Are you going there?
interrogative particle for multiple-choice questions
Коя химикалка искаш – червената ли, синята ли, някаква друга ли?
Koja himikalka iskaš – červenata li, sinjata li, njakakva druga li?
Which pen do you want - the red one, the blue one or another one?
interrogative emphatic particle
Какво ли искаше тоя човек?
Kakvo li iskaše toja čovek?
I wonder what that man wanted.
if, whether
Synonym: дали (dali)

Попитах го ще ходи ли там.
Popitah go šte hodi li tam.
I asked him if he was going there.
when, as soon as, once, whenever, every time (in questions)
Synonyms: когато (kogato), щом (štom), щом като (štom kato)

Видя ли го, ще му кажа.
Vidja li go, šte mu kaža.
When I see him, I'll tell him.
emphasizes continuity or intensity of a verb
Той работеше ли, работеше, без почивка.
Toj raboteše li, raboteše, bez počivka.
He worked on and on without a break.

Derived terms

едва ли (edva li)
едва ли не (edva li ne)
камо ли (kamo li)

Itelmen

Alternative forms

љи, љви, љғи

Adverb

ли (ʎi)

very
Ӽоӄэн ли густа кылхэ’н ԓӄуэ’н
There were very many (small) birch-trees

References

E. Kasten, M. Dürr (2015). Itelmen texts : a preliminary linguistic analysis
M. Dürr, M. Risler, D. Kester, M. Krauss, A. Volodin, E. Kasten, K. Khaloymova, J. Bobalik, Ch. Ono (2021). Полный ительменско-русский словарь

Lezgi

Noun

ли • (li)

skin

Macedonian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *li.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [li]

Particle

ли • (li)

An interrogative particle used in yes-or-no questions.
Synonym: дали (dali)

Ќе ми помогнеш ли? ― Ḱe mi pomogneš li? ― Will you help me?

Usage notes

This particle is mostly placed after the verb or very rarely, at the end of the sentence (after all that follows the verb).

Russian

Alternative forms

ль (lʹ)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *li.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [lʲi]
Audio: (file)

Particle

ли • (li)

(interrogative particle, placed after the first word in a sentence or phrase) Do/does/did...? Is/are/was/were...?
Зна́ете ли вы? ― Znájete li vy? ― Do you know?

Хорошо́ ли ему́? ― Xorošó li jemú? ― Is he okay?

Отпра́вил ли я письмо́? ― Otprávil li ja pisʹmó? ― Did I send the letter?

Conjunction

ли • (li)

whether, if

Usage notes

The subordinate clause with ли expresses an occurrence (i.e., an event, incident, news, or rumor) that happened in the past or that could possibly happen in the future. In this specific case, the main clause shows confirming or denying the occurrence (as described in the subordinate clause with ли). For example:

Они спросят, отдыхал ли Андрей раньше. ― Oni sprosjat, otdyxal li Andrej ranʹše. ― They will ask if Andrei has been on a holiday before.

(The subordinate clause is an occurrence that happened in the past.)

Он не скажет, останется ли он дома. ― On ne skažet, ostanetsja li on doma. ― He will not say if he will stay home.

(The subject of the main clause and the subordinate clause denotes the same person "he". The subordinate clause is an occurrence that could possibly happen in the future.)

The main clause often has a verb that describes an occurrence, such as verbs pertaining to asking or talking. And also, depending on the context, the subordinate clause with ли could be regarded as indirect speech.

To make a sentence that expresses curiosity about a topic while using ли in the subordinate clause, интере́сно (interésno), .... is often used for the main clause. For example:

(Мне) интересно, будет ли она на тусовке. ― (Mne) interesno, budet li ona na tusovke. ― ((I) am interested (wonder) if she will be at the party.
Я вызвала такси, вышла, нашла - а её чуть не увели! Представляешь, уже стоит парень и интересуется не его ли такси я говорю - моя машинка! ― Ja vyzvala taksi, vyšla, našla - a jejó čutʹ ne uveli! Predstavljaješʹ, uže stoit parenʹ i interesujetsja ne jevo li taksi ja govorju - moja mašinka! ― I called a taxi, went outside, found it and my ride was almost stolen! Guess what, a guy had already been there and wondering if that was his cab. I said "that's my cab!"

To make a sentence that expresses doubt about a topic while using ли in the subordinate clause, (SUB) не знать (ne znatʹ), ...., (SUB) не помнить (ne pomnitʹ), ...., (SUB) сомнева́ться (somnevátʹsja), ...., and Тру́дно сказа́ть (Trúdno skazátʹ), .... are often used for the main clause. For example:

Я не знаю, говорит ли мой дедушка по-арабски. ― Ja ne znaju, govorit li moj deduška po-arabski. ― I don't know if my grandfather speaks Arabic.

(The main clause shows a doubtful attitude by not knowing whether the old man speaks Arabic.)

Я не помню, выключил ли я телевизор. ― Ja ne pomnju, vyključil li ja televizor. ― I don't remember if I turned off the television.

(The main clause shows a doubtful attitude by not remembering whether the television is turned off.)

Я сомневаюсь, курил ли я сигареты часто. ― Ja somnevajusʹ, kuril li ja sigarety často. ― I doubt that I smoked cigarettes often.

(The main clause shows a doubtful attitude by being skeptical about the smoking habit in the past.)

Трудно сказать, поймут ли волонтёры установки этого задания. ― Trudno skazatʹ, pojmut li volontjóry ustanovki etovo zadanija. ― It's difficult to tell that the volunteers understand the guidelines of this task.

(The main clause shows a doubtful attitude by having a difficulty of explaining about the volunteers' situation.)

Anagrams

ил (il)

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *li.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /li/

Particle

ли (Latin spelling li)

question-forming interrogative particle
да ли ме познајеш? ― do you know me?

јеси ли стигао на одредиште? ― did you reach the destination?

јесте ли га вид(ј)ели ― have you seen him?

гд(ј)е ли се само налазимо? ― where could we be?

кад ли ће доћи? ― when will they come?

је ли? ― Is it? (Is that so? Isn't that so?)
used as conjunction with да
да ли ― whether

немам појма да ли је дошао ― I have no idea if he came
as a conjunction if
покушаш ли ме напасти, ја ћу ти узвратити ― if you try to attack me, I'll retaliate
used as an emphatic intensifier
а сн(иј)ег пада ли пада ― the snow just keep falling on and on...

д(иј)ете плаче ли плаче ― the child just keeps crying

Ukrainian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *li .

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɫɪ]

Particle

ли • (ly)

(dated) interrogative particle
Synonym: чи (čy)
(dated) if, whether
Synonym: чи (čy)

І сам гадав сми ча́сом, не ли очаро́ван. ― I sam hadav smy čásom, ne ly očaróvan. ― And I myself sometimes wondered whether I weren't enchanted.

Conjunction

ли • (ly)

(dated) either, or
Ся́дем ми з тобо́ю поснíдаєм, ли пообíдаєм ― Sjádem my z tobóju posnídajem, ly poobídajem ― We'll seat down together and either have breakfast or lunch

Synonyms

чи (čy)
або́ (abó)

References

Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1982–2012), “ли”, in [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
“ли” in Словнарь української мови [Slovar’ ukrajins’koji movy] (in Ukrainian)