تبر

See also: تثر, بتر, پتر, ثبر, تتر, ببر, and بثر

Arabic

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Aramaic תְּבְרָא / ܬܷܒܪܐ (təḇrā, “fragment”), absolute state תְּבַר / ܬܒܱܪ (tḇar), from תְּבַר / ܬܒܱܪ (tḇar, “to break, to fract”), the Aramaic equivalent to Arabic ثَبَرَ (ṯabara, “to destroy”).

Noun

تِبْر • (tibr) m (collective, singulative تِبْرَة f (tibra))

1. pure, unalloyed ore of gold or silver
   • 7th century CE, Sunan Abī Dāwud, 23:24:

     الذَّهَبُ بِٱلذَّهَبِ تِبْرُهَا وَعَيْنُهَا وَٱلْفِضَّةُ بِٱلْفِضَّةِ تِبْرُهَا وَعَيْنُهَا وَٱلْبُرُّ بِٱلْبُرِّ مُدْيٌ بِمُدْيٍ وَٱلشَّعِيرُ بِٱلشَّعِيرِ مُدْيٌ بِمُدْيٍ وَٱلتَّمْرُ بِٱلتَّمْرِ مُدْيٌ بِمُدْيٍ وَٱلْمِلْحُ بِٱلْمِلْحِ مُدْيٌ بِمُدْيٍ

     aḏ-ḏahabu bi-ḏ-ḏahabi tibruhā waʕaynuhā wal-fiḍḍatu bi-l-fiḍḍati tibruhā waʕaynuhā wal-burru bi-l-burri mudyun bimudyin waš-šaʕīru bi-š-šaʕīri mudyun bimudyin wat-tamru bi-t-tamri mudyun bimudyin wal-milḥu bi-l-milḥi mudyun bimudyin

     Gold is to be weighed for in gold, raw and coined, silver in silver, raw and coined, wheat in wheat in equal measure, barley in barley in equal measure, dates in dates in equal measure, salt in salt in equal measure.

Declension

Declension of noun تِبْر (tibr)

collective	basic collective triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	تِبْر tibr	التِّبْر at-tibr	تِبْر tibr
nominative	تِبْرٌ tibrun	التِّبْرُ at-tibru	تِبْرُ tibru
accusative	تِبْرًا tibran	التِّبْرَ at-tibra	تِبْرَ tibra
genitive	تِبْرٍ tibrin	التِّبْرِ at-tibri	تِبْرِ tibri
singulative	singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	تِبْرَة tibra	التِّبْرَة at-tibra	تِبْرَة tibrat
nominative	تِبْرَةٌ tibratun	التِّبْرَةُ at-tibratu	تِبْرَةُ tibratu
accusative	تِبْرَةً tibratan	التِّبْرَةَ at-tibrata	تِبْرَةَ tibrata
genitive	تِبْرَةٍ tibratin	التِّبْرَةِ at-tibrati	تِبْرَةِ tibrati
dual	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	تِبْرَتَيْن tibratayn	التِّبْرَتَيْن at-tibratayn	تِبْرَتَيْ tibratay
nominative	تِبْرَتَانِ tibratāni	التِّبْرَتَانِ at-tibratāni	تِبْرَتَا tibratā
accusative	تِبْرَتَيْنِ tibratayni	التِّبْرَتَيْنِ at-tibratayni	تِبْرَتَيْ tibratay
genitive	تِبْرَتَيْنِ tibratayni	التِّبْرَتَيْنِ at-tibratayni	تِبْرَتَيْ tibratay
paucal (3-10)	sound feminine paucal
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	تِبْرَات tibrāt	التِّبْرَات at-tibrāt	تِبْرَات tibrāt
nominative	تِبْرَاتٌ tibrātun	التِّبْرَاتُ at-tibrātu	تِبْرَاتُ tibrātu
accusative	تِبْرَاتٍ tibrātin	التِّبْرَاتِ at-tibrāti	تِبْرَاتِ tibrāti
genitive	تِبْرَاتٍ tibrātin	التِّبْرَاتِ at-tibrāti	تِبْرَاتِ tibrāti

Descendants

• → Middle Armenian: թիպր (tʻipr)
• → Ottoman Turkish: تبر (tibr)
  • Turkish: tibr

Etymology 2

Verb

تَبَّرَ • (tabbara) II (non-past يُتَبِّرُ (yutabbiru), verbal noun تَتْبِير (tatbīr))

1. to destroy; to annihilate
   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 25:39:

     وَكُلًّا ضَرَبْنَا لَهُ ٱلْأَمْثَٰلَ وَكُلًّا تَبَّرْنَا تَتْبِيرًا

     wakullan ḍarabnā lahu l-ʔamṯāla wakullan tabbarnā tatbīran

     For each We set forth (various) lessons, and We ultimately destroyed each.

Conjugation

Conjugation of تَبَّرَ (II, sound, full passive, verbal noun تَتْبِير)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						تَتْبِير tatbīr
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						مُتَبِّر mutabbir
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مُتَبَّر mutabbar
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	تَبَّرْتُ tabbartu	تَبَّرْتَ tabbarta	تَبَّرَ tabbara		تَبَّرْتُمَا tabbartumā	تَبَّرَا tabbarā		تَبَّرْنَا tabbarnā	تَبَّرْتُمْ tabbartum	تَبَّرُوا tabbarū
	f		تَبَّرْتِ tabbarti	تَبَّرَتْ tabbarat			تَبَّرَتَا tabbaratā			تَبَّرْتُنَّ tabbartunna	تَبَّرْنَ tabbarna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُتَبِّرُ ʔutabbiru	تُتَبِّرُ tutabbiru	يُتَبِّرُ yutabbiru		تُتَبِّرَانِ tutabbirāni	يُتَبِّرَانِ yutabbirāni		نُتَبِّرُ nutabbiru	تُتَبِّرُونَ tutabbirūna	يُتَبِّرُونَ yutabbirūna
	f		تُتَبِّرِينَ tutabbirīna	تُتَبِّرُ tutabbiru			تُتَبِّرَانِ tutabbirāni			تُتَبِّرْنَ tutabbirna	يُتَبِّرْنَ yutabbirna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُتَبِّرَ ʔutabbira	تُتَبِّرَ tutabbira	يُتَبِّرَ yutabbira		تُتَبِّرَا tutabbirā	يُتَبِّرَا yutabbirā		نُتَبِّرَ nutabbira	تُتَبِّرُوا tutabbirū	يُتَبِّرُوا yutabbirū
	f		تُتَبِّرِي tutabbirī	تُتَبِّرَ tutabbira			تُتَبِّرَا tutabbirā			تُتَبِّرْنَ tutabbirna	يُتَبِّرْنَ yutabbirna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُتَبِّرْ ʔutabbir	تُتَبِّرْ tutabbir	يُتَبِّرْ yutabbir		تُتَبِّرَا tutabbirā	يُتَبِّرَا yutabbirā		نُتَبِّرْ nutabbir	تُتَبِّرُوا tutabbirū	يُتَبِّرُوا yutabbirū
	f		تُتَبِّرِي tutabbirī	تُتَبِّرْ tutabbir			تُتَبِّرَا tutabbirā			تُتَبِّرْنَ tutabbirna	يُتَبِّرْنَ yutabbirna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		تَبِّرْ tabbir			تَبِّرَا tabbirā				تَبِّرُوا tabbirū
	f		تَبِّرِي tabbirī							تَبِّرْنَ tabbirna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	تُبِّرْتُ tubbirtu	تُبِّرْتَ tubbirta	تُبِّرَ tubbira		تُبِّرْتُمَا tubbirtumā	تُبِّرَا tubbirā		تُبِّرْنَا tubbirnā	تُبِّرْتُمْ tubbirtum	تُبِّرُوا tubbirū
	f		تُبِّرْتِ tubbirti	تُبِّرَتْ tubbirat			تُبِّرَتَا tubbiratā			تُبِّرْتُنَّ tubbirtunna	تُبِّرْنَ tubbirna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُتَبَّرُ ʔutabbaru	تُتَبَّرُ tutabbaru	يُتَبَّرُ yutabbaru		تُتَبَّرَانِ tutabbarāni	يُتَبَّرَانِ yutabbarāni		نُتَبَّرُ nutabbaru	تُتَبَّرُونَ tutabbarūna	يُتَبَّرُونَ yutabbarūna
	f		تُتَبَّرِينَ tutabbarīna	تُتَبَّرُ tutabbaru			تُتَبَّرَانِ tutabbarāni			تُتَبَّرْنَ tutabbarna	يُتَبَّرْنَ yutabbarna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُتَبَّرَ ʔutabbara	تُتَبَّرَ tutabbara	يُتَبَّرَ yutabbara		تُتَبَّرَا tutabbarā	يُتَبَّرَا yutabbarā		نُتَبَّرَ nutabbara	تُتَبَّرُوا tutabbarū	يُتَبَّرُوا yutabbarū
	f		تُتَبَّرِي tutabbarī	تُتَبَّرَ tutabbara			تُتَبَّرَا tutabbarā			تُتَبَّرْنَ tutabbarna	يُتَبَّرْنَ yutabbarna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُتَبَّرْ ʔutabbar	تُتَبَّرْ tutabbar	يُتَبَّرْ yutabbar		تُتَبَّرَا tutabbarā	يُتَبَّرَا yutabbarā		نُتَبَّرْ nutabbar	تُتَبَّرُوا tutabbarū	يُتَبَّرُوا yutabbarū
	f		تُتَبَّرِي tutabbarī	تُتَبَّرْ tutabbar			تُتَبَّرَا tutabbarā			تُتَبَّرْنَ tutabbarna	يُتَبَّرْنَ yutabbarna

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

تَبُرْ • (tabur) (form I) /ta.bur/

1. inflection of بَارَ (bāra):
   1. second-person masculine singular non-past active jussive
   2. third-person feminine singular non-past active jussive

References

• “tbr²”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
• Fraenkel, Siegmund (1880), De vocabulis in antiquis Arabum carminibus et in Corano peregrinis‎^[1] (in Latin), Leiden: E. J. Brill, →DOI, page 25
• Freytag, Georg (1830), “تبر”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎^[2] (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 183
• Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985), “تبر”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎^[3] (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 133

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Persian تبر (tabar, “axe, hatchet”).

Noun

تبر • (teber)

1. axe, hatchet, a tool for felling trees or chopping wood

   Synonyms: بالطه (balta), فاس (fas), مكشاح (mikşah)

2. battle axe, an ancient military weapon in the form of an axe

   Synonyms: بالطه (balta), فاس (fas)

3. halberd, a weapon consisting of a long pole with an axe-like blade mounted on it
4. tuberose, any flowering plant in the genus Polianthes

Derived terms

• تبرخون (teberhun, “jujube tree”)
• تبردار (teberdar, “halberdier”)
• تبرزن (teberzen, “one who cuts or strikes with an axe”)
• تبرزین (teberzin, “battle-axe carried at the saddle-bow”)
• تبرك (teberek, “kind of small axe”)

Descendants

• Turkish: teber

Further reading

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007), “teber2”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4660
• Kélékian, Diran (1911), “تبر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[4] (in French), Constantinople: Mihran, page 340
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687), “Securis”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[5], Vienna, column 1530
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680), “تبر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[6], Vienna, column 1055
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “teber”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890), “تبر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[7], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 486

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic تِبْر (tibr, “unalloyed ore of gold or silver”).

Noun

تبر • (tibr)

1. pure, unalloyed ore or nuggets of gold or silver

Descendants

• Turkish: tibr

Further reading

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007), “tibr”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4821
• Kélékian, Diran (1911), “تبر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[8] (in French), Constantinople: Mihran, page 340
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680), “تبر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[9], Vienna, column 1055
• Redhouse, James W. (1890), “تبر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[10], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 486

Persian

Alternative forms

• تور (tavar) (dialectal)

Etymology

Compare Iranian borrowings: Old Armenian տապար (tapar), Proto-Slavic *toporъ.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /ta.ˈbar/

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.báɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.báɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.báɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.báɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰæ.bǽɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.báɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	tabar
Dari reading?	tabar
Iranian reading?	tabar
Tajik reading?	tabar

• Audio (Iran):

  (file)

Noun

تبر • (tabar) (Tajik spelling табар)

1. hatchet, axe, mattock
   • c. 1180, Anwarī, “Qaṣīda 72”, in دیوان انوری [Dīvān of Anvarī]‎^[11]:

     درخت اگر متحرک شدی ز جای به جای
     نه جور اره کشیدی و نه جفای تبر

     diraxt agar mutaharrik šudē zi jāy ba jāy
     na jawr-i arra kašīdē u na jafā-yi tabar

     If trees could move about from place to place,
     They would suffer neither the oppression of the saw nor the torment of the axe.

     (Classical Persian transliteration)

Descendants

• → Georgian: ტაბარი (ṭabari), ⇒ ტაბარძენი (ṭabarʒeni)
• → Gujarati: તબર (tabar)
• → Khalaj: tavarçuq
• → Ottoman Turkish: تبر (teber)
  • Turkish: teber

References

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892), “تبر”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul