توبال

See also: توپال

Arabic

Alternative forms

طُوبَال (ṭūbāl), طُوفَال (ṭūfāl)

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian (tūbāl).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tuː.baːl/

Noun

تُوبَال • (tūbāl) m

(obsolete) flakes, what falls off from copper or iron or another metal due to it being hammered – that of copper yore was mixed into hydromel against phlegm, that of iron used in eye remedies and against ulcers

Declension

Declension of noun **تُوبَال** (tūbāl)
singular	basic singular triptote
singular	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	تُوبَال tūbāl	التُّوبَال at-tūbāl	تُوبَال tūbāl
nominative	تُوبَالٌ tūbālun	التُّوبَالُ at-tūbālu	تُوبَالُ tūbālu
accusative	تُوبَالًا tūbālan	التُّوبَالَ at-tūbāla	تُوبَالَ tūbāla
genitive	تُوبَالٍ tūbālin	التُّوبَالِ at-tūbāli	تُوبَالِ tūbāli

References

Freytag, Georg (1830), “توبال”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎^[1] (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 185
Käs, Fabian (2010), Die Mineralien in der arabischen Pharmakognosie. Eine Konkordanz zur mineralischen Materia medica der klassischen arabischen Heilmittelkunde nebst überlieferungsgeschichtlichen Studien (Akademie der Wissenschaften und Literatur · Mainz · Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 54) (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, pages 350–356
Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860), “توبال”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎^[2] (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et C^ie, page 192a
Lane, Edward William (1863-1893), “توبال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, page 296c.
Levey, Martin; Al-Khaledy, Noury (1967), The Medical Formulary of Al-Samarqandi: And the Relation of Early Arabic Simples to Those Found in the Indigenous Medicine of the Near East and India, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, →DOI, page 237
مروان بن جناح [Marwān ibn Janāḥ] (a. 1050), Gerrit Bos, Fabian Käs, editors, كتاب التلخيص [kitāb at-talḵīṣ] [On the Nomenclature of Medicinal Drugs] (in Arabic), Leiden: Brill, published 2020, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 1126 Nr. 1007 fol. 83r,14–16
Vázquez de Benito, María Concepción; Herrera, María Teresa (1989), Los arabismos de los textos médicos latinos y castellanos de la Edad Media y de la Modernidad, Madrid: CSIC, page 276

Persian

Alternative forms

توپال (tūpāl)

Etymology

From Akkadian 𒆳𒋫𒁀𒇷 (^KURta-ba-li /⁠Tabalu⁠/), as also Biblical Hebrew תֻּבַל (tuḇal) (in Genesis 10:2 and elsewhere) and תּוּבַל (tuḇal) (Genesis 4:22 explained as a figure forging the tools for all artificers), ultimately the name of the Tabal state.

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /tuː.ˈbaːl/

Readings
Classical reading^?	tūbāl

Noun

توبال • (tūbāl)

(obsolete) metal flakes, dross, filings

References

Haschmi, Mohamed Yahia (1966), “Die geologischen und mineralogischen Kenntnisse bei Ibn Sīnā”, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft‎^[3] (in German), volume 116, page 55, leaning upon Levey, Martin (1959), Chemistry and chemical technology in Ancient Mesopotamia, Amsterdam · London · New York · Princeton: Elsevier · D. Van Nostrand, page 200
Vullers, Johann August (1855), “توبال”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎^[4] (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 476a