دهقان

See also: دہقان

Arabic

Etymology

Borrowed from Middle Persian [script needed] (dhywkʾn' /⁠dahigān⁠/).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dih.qaːn/, /duh.qaːn/

Noun

دِهْقَان or دُهْقَان • (dihqān or duhqān) m (plural دَهَاقِين (dahāqīn), feminine دِهْقَانَة (dihqāna))

1. dehqan, publican
   • a. 1283, Abū Yahyā Zakariyāʾ ibn Muhammad al-Qazwīnīy, edited by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, آثار البلاد وأخبار العباد [ʾāṯār al-bilād wa-ʾaḵbār al-ʿibād]‎^[1], Göttingen: Verlag der Dieterichschen Buchhandlung, published 1848, page 278 line 11 a fine:
2. publican, alekeeper
   • a. 869, الْجَاحِظ [al-jāḥiẓ], edited by مُحَمَّد عَلِيّ أَبُو الْعَبَّاس [muḥammad ʕaliyy ʔabū l-ʕabbās], اَلْبُخَلَاء [al-buḵalāʔ, The Misers], Cairo, Egypt: اَلْهَيْئَة المِصْرِيَّة الْعَامَّة لِلْكِتَاب, published 2012, →ISBN, page 56:

     وَٱللّٰهِ إِنِّي لَأُفَضِّلُ الدَّهَاقِينَ حِينَ عَابُوا الْحَسْوَ، وَتَقَزَّزُوا مِنَ التَّعَرُّقِ، وَبَهْرَجُوا صَاحِبَ التَّمْشِيشِ، وَحِينَ أَكَلُوا بِالْبَارَجِينِ وَقَطَعُوا بِالسِّكِّينِ، وَلَزِمُوا عِنْدَ الطَّعَامِ السَّكْتَةَ، وَتَرَكُوا الْخَوْضَ، وَٱخْتَارُوا الزَّمْزَمَةَ.

     wal-lāhi ʔinnī laʔufaḍḍilu ad-dahāqīna ḥīna ʕābū l-ḥaswa, wataqazzazū mina t-taʕarruqi, wabahrajū ṣāḥiba t-tamšīši, waḥīna ʔakalū bi-l-bārajīni waqaṭaʕū bi-s-sikkīni, walazimū ʕinda ṭ-ṭaʕāmi s-saktata, watarakū l-ḵawḍa, waḵtārū z-zamzamata.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Declension

Declension of noun دِهْقَان (dihqān)‎; دُهْقَان (duhqān)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	دِهْقَان‎; دُهْقَان dihqān‎; duhqān	الدِّهْقَان‎; الدُّهْقَان ad-dihqān‎; ad-duhqān	دِهْقَان‎; دُهْقَان dihqān‎; duhqān
Nominative	دِهْقَانٌ‎; دُهْقَانٌ dihqānun‎; duhqānun	الدِّهْقَانُ‎; الدُّهْقَانُ ad-dihqānu‎; ad-duhqānu	دِهْقَانُ‎; دُهْقَانُ dihqānu‎; duhqānu
Accusative	دِهْقَانًا‎; دُهْقَانًا dihqānan‎; duhqānan	الدِّهْقَانَ‎; الدُّهْقَانَ ad-dihqāna‎; ad-duhqāna	دِهْقَانَ‎; دُهْقَانَ dihqāna‎; duhqāna
Genitive	دِهْقَانٍ‎; دُهْقَانٍ dihqānin‎; duhqānin	الدِّهْقَانِ‎; الدُّهْقَانِ ad-dihqāni‎; ad-duhqāni	دِهْقَانِ‎; دُهْقَانِ dihqāni‎; duhqāni
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	دِهْقَانَيْن‎; دُهْقَانَيْن dihqānayn‎; duhqānayn	الدِّهْقَانَيْن‎; الدُّهْقَانَيْن ad-dihqānayn‎; ad-duhqānayn	دِهْقَانَيْ‎; دُهْقَانَيْ dihqānay‎; duhqānay
Nominative	دِهْقَانَانِ‎; دُهْقَانَانِ dihqānāni‎; duhqānāni	الدِّهْقَانَانِ‎; الدُّهْقَانَانِ ad-dihqānāni‎; ad-duhqānāni	دِهْقَانَا‎; دُهْقَانَا dihqānā‎; duhqānā
Accusative	دِهْقَانَيْنِ‎; دُهْقَانَيْنِ dihqānayni‎; duhqānayni	الدِّهْقَانَيْنِ‎; الدُّهْقَانَيْنِ ad-dihqānayni‎; ad-duhqānayni	دِهْقَانَيْ‎; دُهْقَانَيْ dihqānay‎; duhqānay
Genitive	دِهْقَانَيْنِ‎; دُهْقَانَيْنِ dihqānayni‎; duhqānayni	الدِّهْقَانَيْنِ‎; الدُّهْقَانَيْنِ ad-dihqānayni‎; ad-duhqānayni	دِهْقَانَيْ‎; دُهْقَانَيْ dihqānay‎; duhqānay
Plural	basic broken plural diptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	دَهَاقِين dahāqīn	الدَّهَاقِين ad-dahāqīn	دَهَاقِين dahāqīn
Nominative	دَهَاقِينُ dahāqīnu	الدَّهَاقِينُ ad-dahāqīnu	دَهَاقِينُ dahāqīnu
Accusative	دَهَاقِينَ dahāqīna	الدَّهَاقِينَ ad-dahāqīna	دَهَاقِينَ dahāqīna
Genitive	دَهَاقِينَ dahāqīna	الدَّهَاقِينِ ad-dahāqīni	دَهَاقِينِ dahāqīni

Derived terms

• دَهْقَنَ (dahqana, “to make dehqan, to elevate into the dehqan peerage”)
• دَهْقَنَة (dahqana, “noble character; astuteness, shrewdness”)

References

• Ullmann, Manfred (1992) Das Motiv des Spiegels in der arabischen Literatur des Mittelalters (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen: Philologisch-historische Klasse; 198) (in German), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pages 145–147

Persian

Etymology

The form from Arabic دِهْقَان (dihqān), from Middle Persian [script needed] (dhywkʾn' /⁠dahigān⁠/, “countryman, farmer”), also found as دهگان (dehgân) and دهخان (dehxân). By surface analysis, ده (deh, “village”) +‎ ـگان (-gân, “pertaining to, -er”). Akin to Old Armenian դեհկան-ութիւն (dehkan-utʻiwn), Classical Syriac ܕܗܩܢܐ (dahqānā).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [dih.ˈqɑːn]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪e̞ɦ.qɑ́ːn]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪e̞ɦ.qɑ́ːn]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪eː.qɑ́ːn]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪u.ɣu]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪eɦ.ɢɒ́ːn]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪eɦ.qɔ́n]

Readings
Classical reading?	dihqān
Dari reading?	dehqān
Iranian reading?	dehğân
Tajik reading?	dehqon

Noun

Dari	دهقان
Iranian Persian
Tajik	деҳқон

دهقان • (dehqân)

1. farmer, peasant

   Synonym: کشاورز (kešâvarz)

   • c. 1390, Hafez, “Ghazal 486”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divan of Hafez]‎^[2]:

     دهقان سال‌خورده چه خوش گفت با پسر
     کای نور چشم من! به‌جز از کشته ندروی

     dihqān-i sāl-xwarda či xwaš guft bā pisar
     k-ay nūr-i čašm-i man! ba joz az kišta na-dirawī

     How well the aged peasant spoke to his son:
     "O light of my eyes! You reap nothing but what was planted."

     (Classical Persian romanization)

2. (historical) dihqan (local aristocrat in late Sasanian and early Islamic Iran)
   • c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Reign of Bahrām Gōr”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]‎^[3]:

     نه بازارگان ماند ایدر نه شاه
     نه دهقان نه لشکر نه تخت و کلاه

     na bāzārgān mānd andar na šāh
     na dihqān na laškar na taxt u kulāh

     No merchant remained there, nor a king,
     No lord nor army nor throne and crown.

     (Classical Persian romanization)

3. (obsolete, by extension from "Persian aristocrat") Persian, Iranian (as opposed to Arabs and Turks)
   • c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Reign of Yazdgird”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]‎^[4]:

     نه دهقان نه ترک و نه تازی بود
     سخن‌ها به کردار بازی بود

     na dihqān na turk u na tāzī buwad
     suxan-hā ba kirdār-i bāzī buwad

     They will be neither Persian nor Turk nor Arab,
     Their words will be in the manner of a joke.

     (Classical Persian romanization)

Derived terms

• دهقانی (dehqâni)

 

Descendants

• → Chagatai: دهقان
  • Uyghur: دېھقان (dëhqan)
  • Uzbek: dehqon
• → Gujarati: દિહકાન (dihkān)
• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: दिहक़ान (dihqān)

  Urdu: دِہْقَان (dihqān)

• → Kazakh: диқан (diqan)
• → Turkmen: daýhan

Proper noun

Dari	دهقان
Iranian Persian
Tajik	Деҳқон

دهقان • (dehqân)

1. a surname, Dehghan, Dehqan

Further reading

• Ciancaglini, Claudia A. (2008) Iranian loanwords in Syriac (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 28)‎^[5], Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 148
• Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 139
• Vullers, Johann August (1855) “دهقان”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎^[6] (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 942