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شام

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: سام

Arabic

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Etymology 1

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    Proper noun

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    شَام (šāmm

    1. only used in الشَّام (aš-šām)

    Etymology 2

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    Root
    ش ي م (š y m)
    6 terms

    Pronunciation

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    Verb

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    شَامَ (šāma) I (non-past يَشِيمُ (yašīmu), verbal noun شَيْم (šaym))

    1. to have sheathed, to have hidden, to have concealed
    2. to watch, to observe
    3. to expect, to conjecture
    Conjugation
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    Conjugation of شَامَ (I, hollow, a ~ i, full passive (?), verbal noun شَيْم)
    verbal noun
    الْمَصْدَر
    شَيْم
    šaym
    active participle
    اِسْم الْفَاعِل
    شَائِم
    šāʔim
    passive participle
    اِسْم الْمَفْعُول
    مَشِيم
    mašīm
    active voice
    الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
    singular
    الْمُفْرَد
    dual
    الْمُثَنَّى
    plural
    الْجَمْع
    1st person
    الْمُتَكَلِّم
    2nd person
    الْمُخَاطَب
    3rd person
    الْغَائِب
    2nd person
    الْمُخَاطَب
    3rd person
    الْغَائِب
    1st person
    الْمُتَكَلِّم
    2nd person
    الْمُخَاطَب
    3rd person
    الْغَائِب
    past (perfect) indicative
    الْمَاضِي
    m شِمْتُ
    šimtu
    شِمْتَ
    šimta
    شَامَ
    šāma
    شِمْتُمَا
    šimtumā
    شَامَا
    šāmā
    شِمْنَا
    šimnā
    شِمْتُمْ
    šimtum
    شَامُوا
    šāmū
    f شِمْتِ
    šimti
    شَامَتْ
    šāmat
    شَامَتَا
    šāmatā
    شِمْتُنَّ
    šimtunna
    شِمْنَ
    šimna
    non-past (imperfect) indicative
    الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع
    m أَشِيمُ
    ʔašīmu
    تَشِيمُ
    tašīmu
    يَشِيمُ
    yašīmu
    تَشِيمَانِ
    tašīmāni
    يَشِيمَانِ
    yašīmāni
    نَشِيمُ
    našīmu
    تَشِيمُونَ
    tašīmūna
    يَشِيمُونَ
    yašīmūna
    f تَشِيمِينَ
    tašīmīna
    تَشِيمُ
    tašīmu
    تَشِيمَانِ
    tašīmāni
    تَشِمْنَ
    tašimna
    يَشِمْنَ
    yašimna
    subjunctive
    الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب
    m أَشِيمَ
    ʔašīma
    تَشِيمَ
    tašīma
    يَشِيمَ
    yašīma
    تَشِيمَا
    tašīmā
    يَشِيمَا
    yašīmā
    نَشِيمَ
    našīma
    تَشِيمُوا
    tašīmū
    يَشِيمُوا
    yašīmū
    f تَشِيمِي
    tašīmī
    تَشِيمَ
    tašīma
    تَشِيمَا
    tašīmā
    تَشِمْنَ
    tašimna
    يَشِمْنَ
    yašimna
    jussive
    الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم
    m أَشِمْ
    ʔašim
    تَشِمْ
    tašim
    يَشِمْ
    yašim
    تَشِيمَا
    tašīmā
    يَشِيمَا
    yašīmā
    نَشِمْ
    našim
    تَشِيمُوا
    tašīmū
    يَشِيمُوا
    yašīmū
    f تَشِيمِي
    tašīmī
    تَشِمْ
    tašim
    تَشِيمَا
    tašīmā
    تَشِمْنَ
    tašimna
    يَشِمْنَ
    yašimna
    imperative
    الْأَمْر
    m شِمْ
    šim
    شِيمَا
    šīmā
    شِيمُوا
    šīmū
    f شِيمِي
    šīmī
    شِمْنَ
    šimna
    passive voice
    الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
    singular
    الْمُفْرَد
    dual
    الْمُثَنَّى
    plural
    الْجَمْع
    1st person
    الْمُتَكَلِّم
    2nd person
    الْمُخَاطَب
    3rd person
    الْغَائِب
    2nd person
    الْمُخَاطَب
    3rd person
    الْغَائِب
    1st person
    الْمُتَكَلِّم
    2nd person
    الْمُخَاطَب
    3rd person
    الْغَائِب
    past (perfect) indicative
    الْمَاضِي
    m شِمْتُ
    šimtu
    شِمْتَ
    šimta
    شِيمَ
    šīma
    شِمْتُمَا
    šimtumā
    شِيمَا
    šīmā
    شِمْنَا
    šimnā
    شِمْتُمْ
    šimtum
    شِيمُوا
    šīmū
    f شِمْتِ
    šimti
    شِيمَتْ
    šīmat
    شِيمَتَا
    šīmatā
    شِمْتُنَّ
    šimtunna
    شِمْنَ
    šimna
    non-past (imperfect) indicative
    الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع
    m أُشَامُ
    ʔušāmu
    تُشَامُ
    tušāmu
    يُشَامُ
    yušāmu
    تُشَامَانِ
    tušāmāni
    يُشَامَانِ
    yušāmāni
    نُشَامُ
    nušāmu
    تُشَامُونَ
    tušāmūna
    يُشَامُونَ
    yušāmūna
    f تُشَامِينَ
    tušāmīna
    تُشَامُ
    tušāmu
    تُشَامَانِ
    tušāmāni
    تُشَمْنَ
    tušamna
    يُشَمْنَ
    yušamna
    subjunctive
    الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب
    m أُشَامَ
    ʔušāma
    تُشَامَ
    tušāma
    يُشَامَ
    yušāma
    تُشَامَا
    tušāmā
    يُشَامَا
    yušāmā
    نُشَامَ
    nušāma
    تُشَامُوا
    tušāmū
    يُشَامُوا
    yušāmū
    f تُشَامِي
    tušāmī
    تُشَامَ
    tušāma
    تُشَامَا
    tušāmā
    تُشَمْنَ
    tušamna
    يُشَمْنَ
    yušamna
    jussive
    الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم
    m أُشَمْ
    ʔušam
    تُشَمْ
    tušam
    يُشَمْ
    yušam
    تُشَامَا
    tušāmā
    يُشَامَا
    yušāmā
    نُشَمْ
    nušam
    تُشَامُوا
    tušāmū
    يُشَامُوا
    yušāmū
    f تُشَامِي
    tušāmī
    تُشَمْ
    tušam
    تُشَامَا
    tušāmā
    تُشَمْنَ
    tušamna
    يُشَمْنَ
    yušamna

    Verb

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    شَامَّ (šāmma) III (non-past يُشَامُّ (yušāmmu), verbal noun مُشَامَّة (mušāmma))

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Conjugation
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    Conjugation of شَامَّ (III, geminate, no passive, verbal noun مُشَامَّة)
    verbal noun
    الْمَصْدَر
    مُشَامَّة
    mušāmma
    active participle
    اِسْم الْفَاعِل
    مُشَامّ
    mušāmm
    active voice
    الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
    singular
    الْمُفْرَد
    dual
    الْمُثَنَّى
    plural
    الْجَمْع
    1st person
    الْمُتَكَلِّم
    2nd person
    الْمُخَاطَب
    3rd person
    الْغَائِب
    2nd person
    الْمُخَاطَب
    3rd person
    الْغَائِب
    1st person
    الْمُتَكَلِّم
    2nd person
    الْمُخَاطَب
    3rd person
    الْغَائِب
    past (perfect) indicative
    الْمَاضِي
    m شَامَمْتُ
    šāmamtu
    شَامَمْتَ
    šāmamta
    شَامَّ
    šāmma
    شَامَمْتُمَا
    šāmamtumā
    شَامَّا
    šāmmā
    شَامَمْنَا
    šāmamnā
    شَامَمْتُمْ
    šāmamtum
    شَامُّوا
    šāmmū
    f شَامَمْتِ
    šāmamti
    شَامَّتْ
    šāmmat
    شَامَّتَا
    šāmmatā
    شَامَمْتُنَّ
    šāmamtunna
    شَامَمْنَ
    šāmamna
    non-past (imperfect) indicative
    الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع
    m أُشَامُّ
    ʔušāmmu
    تُشَامُّ
    tušāmmu
    يُشَامُّ
    yušāmmu
    تُشَامَّانِ
    tušāmmāni
    يُشَامَّانِ
    yušāmmāni
    نُشَامُّ
    nušāmmu
    تُشَامُّونَ
    tušāmmūna
    يُشَامُّونَ
    yušāmmūna
    f تُشَامِّينَ
    tušāmmīna
    تُشَامُّ
    tušāmmu
    تُشَامَّانِ
    tušāmmāni
    تُشَامِمْنَ
    tušāmimna
    يُشَامِمْنَ
    yušāmimna
    subjunctive
    الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب
    m أُشَامَّ
    ʔušāmma
    تُشَامَّ
    tušāmma
    يُشَامَّ
    yušāmma
    تُشَامَّا
    tušāmmā
    يُشَامَّا
    yušāmmā
    نُشَامَّ
    nušāmma
    تُشَامُّوا
    tušāmmū
    يُشَامُّوا
    yušāmmū
    f تُشَامِّي
    tušāmmī
    تُشَامَّ
    tušāmma
    تُشَامَّا
    tušāmmā
    تُشَامِمْنَ
    tušāmimna
    يُشَامِمْنَ
    yušāmimna
    jussive
    الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم
    m أُشَامَّ, أُشَامِّ, أُشَامِمْ
    ʔušāmma, ʔušāmmi, ʔušāmim
    تُشَامَّ, تُشَامِّ, تُشَامِمْ
    tušāmma, tušāmmi, tušāmim
    يُشَامَّ, يُشَامِّ, يُشَامِمْ
    yušāmma, yušāmmi, yušāmim
    تُشَامَّا
    tušāmmā
    يُشَامَّا
    yušāmmā
    نُشَامَّ, نُشَامِّ, نُشَامِمْ
    nušāmma, nušāmmi, nušāmim
    تُشَامُّوا
    tušāmmū
    يُشَامُّوا
    yušāmmū
    f تُشَامِّي
    tušāmmī
    تُشَامَّ, تُشَامِّ, تُشَامِمْ
    tušāmma, tušāmmi, tušāmim
    تُشَامَّا
    tušāmmā
    تُشَامِمْنَ
    tušāmimna
    يُشَامِمْنَ
    yušāmimna
    imperative
    الْأَمْر
    m شَامَّ, شَامِّ, شَامِمْ
    šāmma, šāmmi, šāmim
    شَامَّا
    šāmmā
    شَامُّوا
    šāmmū
    f شَامِّي
    šāmmī
    شَامِمْنَ
    šāmimna

    References

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    • Freytag, Georg (1833) “شام”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum[1] (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 473
    • Lane, Edward William (1863-1893) “شام”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, page 1634.
    • Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “شام”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart[2] (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 690

    Burushaski

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    Etymology

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    Borrowed from Urdu شام (śām), from Classical Persian شَام (šām).

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    شام (śaam)

    1. evening

    References

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    • Bechtholdt, Astrid (2025) “shaam”, in Burushaski Hunza Dictionary (Webonary), Dallas, Texas, USA: SIL International, published 2017.

    Gujarati

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    Noun

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    شام (śāmf

    1. Lisan ud-Dawat spelling of શામ (śām)

    Khalaj

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    Noun

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    شام (şâm) (definite accusative شامؽ, plural شاملار)

    1. Arabic spelling of şâm (evening, supper)

    Declension

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    Declension of شام
    singular plural
    nominative شام شاملار
    genitive شامؽݧ شاملارؽݧ
    dative شامقا شاملارقا
    definite accusative شامؽ شاملارؽ
    locative شامچا شاملارچا
    ablative شامدا شاملاردا
    instrumental شاملا شاملارلا
    equative شاموارا شاملاروارا

    Ottoman Turkish

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    Etymology 1

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    Borrowed from Arabic الشَّام (aš-šām).

    Proper noun

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    شام (Şâm)

    1. Damascus (the capital city of Syria; an ancient settlement, the ancient capital of various polities, most notably the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 744 CE and Aram-Damascus, existing from the 12th to 8th centuries BCE)
      Synonyms: دمشق (Dimişk), شام شریف (Şam-i Şerif)
    2. (historical) Syria (an eyalet in the Ottoman Empire)
    3. (historical) Syria (a vilayet in the Ottoman Empire)
    Descendants
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    • Abkhaz: Шьам (Šam), Шьамтәыла (Šamtʷʼəla)
    • Ladino: Sham
    • Turkish: Şam

    Etymology 2

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    From Persian شام (šâm).

    Noun

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    شام (şâm)

    1. evening
    2. night
    Descendants
    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    • Mallouf, Nassif (1856) “Damas”, in Dictionnaire français-turc, 2nd edition, Paris: Maisonneuve, page 146
    • Sezen, Tahir (2017) “Şâm”, in Osmanlı Yer Adları [Ottoman Place Names]‎[3], 2nd edition, Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, page 711

    Persian

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    Persian Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia fa

    Pronunciation

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    Readings
    Classical reading? šām
    Dari reading? šām
    Iranian reading? šâm
    Tajik reading? šom

    Etymology 1

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      Inherited from Proto-Iranian *xšáfnyah.

      Noun

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      Dari شام
      Iranian Persian
      Tajik шом

      شام (šâm)

      1. dinner, supper (evening meal)
        برای شام چی داریم؟ (more literary)barâ-ye šâm či dârim?What do we have for dinner?
        شام چی داریم؟ (more colloquial)šâm či dârim?What do we have for dinner?
      2. (archaic) dusk
      3. (archaic) evening
        Synonym: عصر ('asr)
      [edit]
      Descendants
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      Etymology 2

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        Borrowed from Arabic شَام (šām).

        Proper noun

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        Dari شام
        Iranian Persian
        Tajik Шом

        شام (šâm)

        1. Levant (a cultural region of Western Asia consisting of the eastern Mediterranean countries, i.e. Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan and Cyprus)
        2. Damascus (the capital city of Syria; an ancient settlement, the ancient capital of various polities, most notably the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 744 CE and Aram-Damascus, existing from the 12th to 8th centuries BCE)
          Synonym: دمشق (damešq)
        Descendants
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        Punjabi

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        Pronunciation

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        Etymology 1

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          Borrowed from Classical Persian شَام (šām).

          Noun

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          شام (śāmf (Gurmukhi spelling ਸ਼ਾਮ)

          1. evening, night
          Declension
          [edit]
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          2=śām
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          Declension of شام
          singular plural
          direct شام (śām) شاماں (śāmāṉ)
          oblique شام (śām) شاماں (śāmāṉ)
          vocative شامے (śāme) شامو (śāmo)
          ablative شاموں (śāmoṉ) شاماں (śāmāṉ)
          locative شامی (śāmī) شامِیں (śāmīṉ)
          instrumental شامِیں (śāmīṉ) شامے (śāme)

          Etymology 2

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          Borrowed from Classical Persian شام (šām, Greater Syria; Levant), from Arabic الشَّام (aš-šām, Levant; Damascus).

          Proper noun

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          شام (śāmm

          1. Syria (a country in West Asia in the Middle East)
          2. (by extension) Levant (a cultural region of Western Asia consisting of the eastern Mediterranean countries, i.e. Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan and Cyprus)

          Further reading

          [edit]
          • Iqbal, Salah ud-Din (2002) “شام”, in vaḍḍī panjābī lughat‎ (in Punjabi), Lahore: ʻAzīz Pablisharz
          • Bashir, Kanwal (2012) “شام”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Hyattsville, MD: Dunwoody Press
          • ਸ਼ਾਮ”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2025

          Soqotri

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          Alternative forms

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          Etymology

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          From Proto-Semitic *šim-. Akin to Mehri [script needed] (hemm), Shehri [script needed] (šum).

          Noun

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          شام (šɛmm (dual شامي (šɛ́mi), plural شاهم (šóhom))

          1. name
            • 2014, “A Merciful Woman and Diheko”, in Vitaly Naumkin, compiler, Corpus of Soqotri Oral Literature, volume 1, page 144, line 5:
              ويهاه ملاك وميه شام دحاكو.
              wa-yhe maľák wa-məy šɛm diḥéko
              He was an angel, and his name was Diheko.

          References

          [edit]
          • Naumkin, Vitaly, et al. (2014) “Glossary”, in Corpus of Soqotri Oral Literature, volume 1, Leiden: Brill, →DOI, →ISBN, page 660
          • Naumkin, Vitaly, et al. (2018) “Glossary”, in Corpus of Soqotri Oral Literature, volume 2, Leiden: Brill, →DOI, →ISBN, page 593
          • Leslau, Wolf (1938) “šem”, in Lexique Soqotri (sudarabique moderne) avec comparaisons et explications étymologiques (in French), Wiesbaden: Libraire C. Klincksieck, page 418

          Urdu

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          Pronunciation

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          Etymology 1

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          Borrowed from Classical Persian شام (šām).

          Noun

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          شام (śāmf (Hindi spelling शाम)

          1. evening, night
          Declension
          [edit]
          Declension of شام
          singular plural
          direct شام (śām) شامیں (śāmẽ)
          oblique شام (śām) شاموں (śāmõ)
          vocative شام (śām) شامو (śāmo)

          References

          [edit]
          • شام”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
          • شام”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.

          Etymology 2

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          Urdu Wikipedia has an article on:
          Wikipedia ur

          Borrowed from Classical Persian شام (šām, Greater Syria; Levant), from Arabic الشَّام (aš-šām, Levant; Damascus).

          Proper noun

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          شام (śāmm (Hindi spelling शाम)

          1. Syria (a country in West Asia in the Middle East)
          2. (by extension) Levant (a cultural region of Western Asia consisting of the eastern Mediterranean countries, i.e. Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan and Cyprus)

          See also

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          Uyghur

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          Uyghur Wikipedia has an article on:
          Wikipedia ug
          Other scripts
          Perso-Arabic شام
          Latin Sham
          Cyrillic Шам

          Etymology

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          From Arabic الشَّام (aš-šām).

          Pronunciation

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          Proper noun

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          شام (sham) (plural شاملار (shamlar))

          1. Damascus (the capital city of Syria; an ancient settlement, the ancient capital of various polities, most notably the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 744 CE and Aram-Damascus, existing from the 12th to 8th centuries BCE)
          2. Levant (a cultural region of Western Asia consisting of the eastern Mediterranean countries, i.e. Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan and Cyprus)