غير

See also: غیر

Arabic

Etymology 1

Root
غ ي ر (ḡ y r)
15 terms

Compare غَارَ (ḡāra, “to be jealous, to display zeal”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɣajr/

Noun

غَيْر • (ḡayr) m

1. (in construct state):
   1. other than, different from, unlike

      غَيْرُهُ ― ḡayruhu ― another (literally, “other than him”)

      هَل عِنْدَكَ أَصْدِقَاءُ غَيْرُ هَٰؤُلَاءِ؟

      hal ʕindaka ʔaṣdiqāʔu ḡayru hāʔulāʔi?

      Do you have any friends other than these?

      رَأَيْتُ رَجُلًا غَيْرَهُ ― raʔaytu rajulan ḡayrahu ― I saw a man other than him.

      • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 6:68:

        وَإِذَا رَأَيۡتَ ٱلَّذِينَ يَخُوضُونَ فِيۤ ءَايَٰتِنَا فَأَعۡرِضۡ عَنۡهُمۡ حَتَّىٰ يَخُوضُوا۟ فِي حَدِيثٍ غَيۡرِهِۦ ۚ وَإِمَّا يُنسِيَنَّكَ ٱلشَّيۡطَٰنُ فَلَا تَقۡعُدۡ بَعۡدَ ٱلذِّكۡرَىٰ مَعَ ٱلۡقَوۡمِ ٱلظَّٰلِمِينَ

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   2. except, save, but

      لَا أُرِيدُ غَيْرَ ذٰلِكَ.

      lā ʔurīdu ḡayra ḏālika.

      I want only this.

      (literally, “I don’t want anything but this.”)

      وَصَلَ الْمُسَافِرُونَ غَيْرَ وَاحِدٍ.

      waṣala l-musāfirūna ḡayra wāḥidin.

      All the travellers arrived but one.

      • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 7:59:

        لَقَدْ أَرْسَلْنَا نُوحًا إِلَىٰ قَوْمِهِ فَقَالَ يَا قَوْمِ اعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ مَا لَكُم مِّنْ إِلَٰهٍ غَيْرُهُ إِنِّي أَخَافُ عَلَيْكُمْ عَذَابَ يَوْمٍ عَظِيمٍ

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   3. more than

      غَيْرَ مَرَّةٍ ― ḡayra marratin ― more than once

   4. no, not, un-, non-, in-, dis-

      غَيْرُ طَيِّبٍ ― ḡayru ṭayyibin ― not good

      هَٰذَا غَيْرُ قَانُونِيٍّ ― hāḏā ḡayru qānūniyyin ― This is illegal

      يَكُونُ غَيْرَ قَانُونِيٍّ ― yakūnu ḡayra qānūniyyin ― It is illegal

      هٰذَا الْمَحَلٌّ غَيْرُ مَفْتُوحٍ لِلنَاسِ غَيْرِ الْمُتَحَضَّرِينَ وَالمُتَوَحِّشِينَ

      hāḏā l-maḥallun ḡayru maftūḥin li-n-nāsi ḡayri al-mutaḥaḍḍarīna wa-l-mutawaḥḥišīna

      This place is not open for uncivilized or uncouth people.

      (literally, “This place is not open for the other-than-civilized and uncouth people.”)

   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 95:6:

     إِلَّا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ فَلَهُمْ أَجْرٌ غَيْرُ مَمْنُونٍ

     ʔillā llaḏīna ʔāmanū wa-ʕamilū ṣ-ṣāliḥāti fa-la-hum ʔajrun ḡayru mamnūnin

     Except for those who believe and work good deeds: their reward will not wear off.

2. (in definite state اَلْغَيْر (al-ḡayr)):
   1. someone or something else; someone or something other than; other; others
   2. (law) third party

Declension

Declension of noun غَيْر (ḡayr)

singular	basic singular triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	غَيْر ḡayr	الْغَيْر al-ḡayr	غَيْر ḡayr
nominative	غَيْرٌ ḡayrun	الْغَيْرُ al-ḡayru	غَيْرُ ḡayru
accusative	غَيْرًا ḡayran	الْغَيْرَ al-ḡayra	غَيْرَ ḡayra
genitive	غَيْرٍ ḡayrin	الْغَيْرِ al-ḡayri	غَيْرِ ḡayri

Derived terms

• بِغَيْرِ (biḡayri, “without”)
• غَيْرِيّ (ḡayriyy)
• لَا غَيْرُ (lā ḡayru, “only, just, nothing besides that”)
• مِنْ غَيْرِ (min ḡayri)

Descendants

• Maltese: għajr
• → Azerbaijani: qeyr
• → Classical Persian: غَیْر (ġayr)
  • → Chagatai: غیر (ġyr)
    • Uyghur: غەير (gheyr)
    • Uzbek: gʻayr
  • → Hindustani:

    Hindi: ग़ैर (ġair), गैर (gair) — nuqtaless

    Urdu: غَیر (ġair)

  • → Marathi: गैर (gair)
  • → Punjabi:

    Gurmukhi script: ਗ਼ੈਰ (ġair), ਗੈਰ (gair) (nuqtaless)

    Shahmukhi script: غَیر (ġair)

  • → Turkmen: gaýr
• → Ladino: (Haketia) gher
• → Ottoman Turkish: غیر (gayr)
  • Turkish: gayr

See also

• ʔillā and her sisters: إِلَّا (ʔillā) · حَاشَا (ḥāšā) · خَلَا (ḵalā) · سِوَى (siwā) · عَدَا (ʕadā) · غَيْر (ḡayr) · لَا يَكُونُ (lā yakūnu) · لَيْسَ (laysa) ^[edit]

Etymology 2

Root
غ ي ر (ḡ y r)
15 terms

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɣaj.ja.ra/

Verb

غَيَّرَ • (ḡayyara) II (non-past يُغَيِّرُ (yuḡayyiru), verbal noun تَغْيِير (taḡyīr))

1. (transitive) to change, to alter
   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 13:11:

     إِنَّ اللَّٰهَ لَا يُغَيِّرُ مَا بِقَوْمٍ حَتَّى يُغَيِّرُوا مَا بِأَنْفُسِهِمْ

     ʔinna llāha lā yuḡayyiru mā biqawmin ḥattā yuḡayyirū mā biʔanfusihim

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Conjugation

Conjugation of غَيَّرَ (II, sound, full passive, verbal noun تَغْيِير)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						تَغْيِير taḡyīr
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						مُغَيِّر muḡayyir
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مُغَيَّر muḡayyar
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	غَيَّرْتُ ḡayyartu	غَيَّرْتَ ḡayyarta	غَيَّرَ ḡayyara		غَيَّرْتُمَا ḡayyartumā	غَيَّرَا ḡayyarā		غَيَّرْنَا ḡayyarnā	غَيَّرْتُمْ ḡayyartum	غَيَّرُوا ḡayyarū
	f		غَيَّرْتِ ḡayyarti	غَيَّرَتْ ḡayyarat			غَيَّرَتَا ḡayyaratā			غَيَّرْتُنَّ ḡayyartunna	غَيَّرْنَ ḡayyarna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُغَيِّرُ ʔuḡayyiru	تُغَيِّرُ tuḡayyiru	يُغَيِّرُ yuḡayyiru		تُغَيِّرَانِ tuḡayyirāni	يُغَيِّرَانِ yuḡayyirāni		نُغَيِّرُ nuḡayyiru	تُغَيِّرُونَ tuḡayyirūna	يُغَيِّرُونَ yuḡayyirūna
	f		تُغَيِّرِينَ tuḡayyirīna	تُغَيِّرُ tuḡayyiru			تُغَيِّرَانِ tuḡayyirāni			تُغَيِّرْنَ tuḡayyirna	يُغَيِّرْنَ yuḡayyirna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُغَيِّرَ ʔuḡayyira	تُغَيِّرَ tuḡayyira	يُغَيِّرَ yuḡayyira		تُغَيِّرَا tuḡayyirā	يُغَيِّرَا yuḡayyirā		نُغَيِّرَ nuḡayyira	تُغَيِّرُوا tuḡayyirū	يُغَيِّرُوا yuḡayyirū
	f		تُغَيِّرِي tuḡayyirī	تُغَيِّرَ tuḡayyira			تُغَيِّرَا tuḡayyirā			تُغَيِّرْنَ tuḡayyirna	يُغَيِّرْنَ yuḡayyirna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُغَيِّرْ ʔuḡayyir	تُغَيِّرْ tuḡayyir	يُغَيِّرْ yuḡayyir		تُغَيِّرَا tuḡayyirā	يُغَيِّرَا yuḡayyirā		نُغَيِّرْ nuḡayyir	تُغَيِّرُوا tuḡayyirū	يُغَيِّرُوا yuḡayyirū
	f		تُغَيِّرِي tuḡayyirī	تُغَيِّرْ tuḡayyir			تُغَيِّرَا tuḡayyirā			تُغَيِّرْنَ tuḡayyirna	يُغَيِّرْنَ yuḡayyirna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		غَيِّرْ ḡayyir			غَيِّرَا ḡayyirā				غَيِّرُوا ḡayyirū
	f		غَيِّرِي ḡayyirī							غَيِّرْنَ ḡayyirna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	غُيِّرْتُ ḡuyyirtu	غُيِّرْتَ ḡuyyirta	غُيِّرَ ḡuyyira		غُيِّرْتُمَا ḡuyyirtumā	غُيِّرَا ḡuyyirā		غُيِّرْنَا ḡuyyirnā	غُيِّرْتُمْ ḡuyyirtum	غُيِّرُوا ḡuyyirū
	f		غُيِّرْتِ ḡuyyirti	غُيِّرَتْ ḡuyyirat			غُيِّرَتَا ḡuyyiratā			غُيِّرْتُنَّ ḡuyyirtunna	غُيِّرْنَ ḡuyyirna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُغَيَّرُ ʔuḡayyaru	تُغَيَّرُ tuḡayyaru	يُغَيَّرُ yuḡayyaru		تُغَيَّرَانِ tuḡayyarāni	يُغَيَّرَانِ yuḡayyarāni		نُغَيَّرُ nuḡayyaru	تُغَيَّرُونَ tuḡayyarūna	يُغَيَّرُونَ yuḡayyarūna
	f		تُغَيَّرِينَ tuḡayyarīna	تُغَيَّرُ tuḡayyaru			تُغَيَّرَانِ tuḡayyarāni			تُغَيَّرْنَ tuḡayyarna	يُغَيَّرْنَ yuḡayyarna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُغَيَّرَ ʔuḡayyara	تُغَيَّرَ tuḡayyara	يُغَيَّرَ yuḡayyara		تُغَيَّرَا tuḡayyarā	يُغَيَّرَا yuḡayyarā		نُغَيَّرَ nuḡayyara	تُغَيَّرُوا tuḡayyarū	يُغَيَّرُوا yuḡayyarū
	f		تُغَيَّرِي tuḡayyarī	تُغَيَّرَ tuḡayyara			تُغَيَّرَا tuḡayyarā			تُغَيَّرْنَ tuḡayyarna	يُغَيَّرْنَ yuḡayyarna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُغَيَّرْ ʔuḡayyar	تُغَيَّرْ tuḡayyar	يُغَيَّرْ yuḡayyar		تُغَيَّرَا tuḡayyarā	يُغَيَّرَا yuḡayyarā		نُغَيَّرْ nuḡayyar	تُغَيَّرُوا tuḡayyarū	يُغَيَّرُوا yuḡayyarū
	f		تُغَيَّرِي tuḡayyarī	تُغَيَّرْ tuḡayyar			تُغَيَّرَا tuḡayyarā			تُغَيَّرْنَ tuḡayyarna	يُغَيَّرْنَ yuḡayyarna

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɣu.jur/

Adjective

غُيُر • (ḡuyur)

1. masculine plural of غَيُور (ḡayūr, “zealous, very jealous, very enthusiastic”)

Noun

غُيُر • (ḡuyur) m pl

1. plural of غَيُور (ḡayūr, “zealot”)

References

• Баранов, Х. К. (2011), “غير”, in Большой арабско-русский словарь (Bolʹšoj arabsko-russkij slovarʹ), 11th edition, Москва: Живой язык, →ISBN
• Lane, Edward William (1863-1893), “غير”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate.
• Wehr, Hans (1960), “غير”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 3rd edition, Ithaca, NY: Otto Harrassowitz

Etymology 4

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *ḱe?

Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm

Proto-Germanic *ga-

Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-der.

Proto-Indo-European *h₃er-der.

Proto-Germanic *arwaz

Proto-Germanic *garwaz

Proto-Indo-European *-yeti

Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti

Proto-Germanic *-janą

Proto-Germanic *garwijanąder.

Old Norse gervibor.

Middle English gere

English gearbor.

Arabic غير

Borrowed from English gear.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɣeːr/, /ɡeːr/

Noun

غَيْر • (ḡēr) m (plural غيار (ḡayār))

1. (regional) gear

North Levantine Arabic

Etymology 1

Inherited from Arabic غَيْر (ḡayr).

Pronoun

غير • (ḡayr, ḡēr)

1. (definite) other than

   ما عنا غير القرايب. ― ma ʿinna ḡayr li-'rāyib. ― We have nobody but the relatives.

2. (indefinite) other

   Synonyms: آخر (ʔāḵar), (only these can be used in definite construction) تاني (tēni)

   ما عنا غير قرايب. ― ma ʿinna ḡayr 'rāyib. ― We don't have other relatives.

Etymology 2

Inherited from Arabic غَيَّرَ (ḡayyara).

Verb

غيّر • (ḡayyar) II (non-past يغيّر (yḡayyir))

1. (transitive) to change

   غَيَّرت رَأْيِي

   ḡayyart raʔyi

   I changed my mind.

   (literally, “I changed my opinion.”)

   بَدَّك تْغَيِّر هَالعَادِة

   baddak tḡayyir hal-ʕāde

   You have to change that habit.

   1. (intransitive) to change (one's personality)
   2. (transitive or intransitive) to change (one's clothes)

Conjugation

Conjugation of غير

		singular				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	غيّرت (ḡayyar(ᵊ)t)	غيّرت (ḡayyar(ᵊ)t)	غيّر (ḡayyar)		غيّرنا (ḡayyarna)	غيّرتوا (ḡayyartu)	غيّروا (ḡayyaru)
	f		غيّرتي (ḡayyarti)	غيّرت (ḡayyarit)
present	m	بغيّر (bḡayyir)	بتغيّر (bitḡayyir)	بيغيّر (biḡayyir)		منغيّر (minḡayyir)	بتغيّروا (bitḡayyru)	بيغيّروا (biḡayyru)
	f		بتغيّري (bitḡayyri)	بتغيّر (bitḡayyir)
subjunctive	m	غيّر (ḡayyir)	تغيّر (tḡayyir)	يغيّر (yḡayyir)		نغيّر (nḡayyir)	تغيّروا (tḡayyru)	يغيّروا (yḡayyru)
	f		تغيّري (tḡayyri)	تغيّر (tḡayyir)
imperative	m		غيّر (ḡayyir)				غيّروا (ḡayyru)
	f		غيّري (ḡayyri)

South Levantine Arabic

Root
غ ي ر
5 terms

Etymology 1

Inherited from Arabic غَيْر (ḡayr).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɣeːr/, [ɣeːr]

• Audio (Jerusalem):

  (file)

Preposition

غير • (ḡēr)

1. except, apart from

   Synonyms: ما عدا (ma-ʕada), إلا (ʔilla)

2. other, another, else, different

   Synonym: تاني (tāni)

   اعطيني واحد غيره. ― aʕṭīni wāhed ḡēro ― Give me another one (instead).

3. un-, in-, dis- (turning the meaning of nouns and adjectives into the opposite)

   Synonym: مش (miš)

   غير مباشر ― ḡēr mubāšer ― indirect

   غير قانوني ― ḡēr qanūnī ― illegal, against the law

Inflection

Inflection of غير

base form			غير (ḡēr)
Personal-pronoun including forms
	singular		plural
	m	f
1st person	غيري (ḡēri)		غيرنا (ḡērna)
2nd person	غيرك (ḡērak)	غيرك (ḡērek)	غيركم (ḡērkom)
3rd person	غيره (ḡēro)	غيرها (ḡērha)	غيرهم (ḡērhom)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Arabic غَيَّرَ (ḡayyara).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɣaj.jar/, [ˈɣaj.jar]

• Audio (al-Lidd):

  (file)

Verb

غيّر • (ḡayyar) II (present بغيّر (biḡayyer))

1. (transitive) to change, to alter

Conjugation

Conjugation of غير

		singular				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	غيّرت (ḡayyart)	غيّرت (ḡayyart)	غيّر (ḡayyar)		غيّرنا (ḡayyarna)	غيّرتو (ḡayyartu)	غيّرو (ḡayyaru)
	f		غيّرتي (ḡayyarti)	غيّرت (ḡayyarat)
present	m	بغيّر (baḡayyir)	بتغيّر (bitḡayyir)	بغيّر (biḡayyir)		منغيّر (minḡayyir)	بتغيّرو (bitḡayyru)	بغيّرو (biḡayyru)
	f		بتغيّري (bitḡayyri)	بتغيّر (bitḡayyir)
subjunctive	m	اغيّر (aḡayyir)	تغيّر (tḡayyir)	يغيّر (yḡayyir)		نغيّر (nḡayyir)	تغيّرو (tḡayyru)	يغيّرو (yḡayyru)
	f		تغيّري (tḡayyri)	تغيّر (tḡayyir)
imperative	m		غيّر (ḡayyir)				غيّرو (ḡayyru)
	f		غيّري (ḡayyri)