अपभ्रंश

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit अपभ्रंश (apabhraṃśa).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /ə.pəbʱ.ɾənʃ/, [ɐ.pɐbʱ.ɾɐ̃ɲʃ]

Noun

अपभ्रंश • (apabhrañś) m

1. corruption, debasement

   Synonyms: विकृति (vikŕti), बिगाड़ (bigāṛ)

   Antonyms: शुद्धता (śuddhatā), परिशोधन (pariśodhan)

   समय के साथ अनेक मूल संस्कृत शब्द लोकभाषा में परिवर्तित होकर अपभ्रंश बन गए।

   samay ke sāth anek mūl sanskŕt śabd lokbhāṣā mẽ parivartit hokar apabhrañś ban gae.

   Over time, many original Sanskrit words changed in the popular language and became corrupted forms.

Declension

Declension of अपभ्रंश (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	अपभ्रंश apabhrañś	अपभ्रंश apabhrañś
oblique	अपभ्रंश apabhrañś	अपभ्रंशों apabhrañśõ
vocative	अपभ्रंश apabhrañś	अपभ्रंशो apabhrañśo

Proper noun

अपभ्रंश • (apabhrañś) m

1. (grammar, linguistics) Apabhramsha, the languages of the final stage of Middle Indo-Aryan, spoken during the 6th – 13th centuries CE.

   Antonym: प्राकृत (prākŕt)

   आधुनिक भारतीय भाषाओं का विकास मुख्य रूप से अपभ्रंश के विभिन्न क्षेत्रीय रूपों से हुआ है।

   ādhunik bhārtīya bhāṣāõ kā vikās mukhya rūp se apabhrañś ke vibhinn kṣetrīya rūpõ se huā hai.

   The development of modern Indian languages has occurred mainly from various regional forms of Apabhramsha.

Declension

Declension of अपभ्रंश (sg-only masc cons-stem)

	singular
direct	अपभ्रंश apabhrañś
oblique	अपभ्रंश apabhrañś
vocative	अपभ्रंश apabhrañś

References

• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “अपभ्रंश”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. “Sea of Hindi words”] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha, page 239
• Caturvedi, Mahendra; Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970), “अपभ्रंश”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House, page 32

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• অপভ্ৰংশ (Assamese script)
• ᬅᬧᬪ᭄ᬭᬂᬰ (Balinese script)
• অপভ্রংশ (Bengali script)
• 𑰀𑰢𑰥𑰿𑰨𑰽𑰫 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀅𑀧𑀪𑁆𑀭𑀁𑀰 (Brahmi script)
• အပဘြံၐ (Burmese script)
• અપભ્રંશ (Gujarati script)
• ਅਪਭ੍ਰਂਸ਼ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌅𑌪𑌭𑍍𑌰𑌂𑌶 (Grantha script)
• ꦄꦥꦨꦿꦁꦯ (Javanese script)
• 𑂃𑂣𑂦𑂹𑂩𑂁𑂬 (Kaithi script)
• ಅಪಭ್ರಂಶ (Kannada script)
• អបភ្រំឝ (Khmer script)
• ອປຠ຺ຣໍຨ (Lao script)
• അപഭ്രംശ (Malayalam script)
• ᠠᢒᠠᢨᢀ᠋ᡵᠠᡧᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘀𑘢𑘥𑘿𑘨𑘽𑘫 (Modi script)
• ᠠᢒᠠᠪᠾᢀ᠋ᠷᠠᠱᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦠𑧂𑧅𑧠𑧈𑧞𑧋 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐀𑐥𑐨𑑂𑐬𑑄𑐱 (Newa script)
• ଅପଭ୍ରଂଶ (Odia script)
• ꢂꢦꢩ꣄ꢬꢀꢯ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆃𑆥𑆨𑇀𑆫𑆁𑆯 (Sharada script)
• 𑖀𑖢𑖥𑖿𑖨𑖽𑖫 (Siddham script)
• අපභ්‍රංශ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩐𑩰𑩳 𑪙𑩼𑪖𑩿 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚀𑚞𑚡𑚶𑚤𑚫𑚧 (Takri script)
• அபப்⁴ரஂஶ (Tamil script)
• అపభ్రంశ (Telugu script)
• อปภฺรํศ (Thai script)
• ཨ་པ་བྷྲཾ་ཤ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒁𑒣𑒦𑓂𑒩𑓀𑒬 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨀𑨞𑨡𑩇𑨫𑨸𑨮 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep

Proto-Indo-European *-o

Proto-Indo-European *h₂epóder.

Proto-Indo-European *h₂épo

Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hápa

Sanskrit अप- (apa-)

Proto-Indo-European *bʰrenḱ-

Sanskrit भ्रंश् (bhraṃś)

Sanskrit भ्रंश (bhraṃśa)

Sanskrit अपभ्रंश

From अप- (ápa-, “down, back”) +‎ भ्रंश (bhraṃśá, “deviation”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɐ.pɐbʱ.ɾɐ̃.ɕɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ɐ.pɐbʱ.ɾɐ̃.ɕɐ/

Noun

अ॒प॒भ्रं॒श • (apabhraṃśá) stem, m

1. falling down, a fall
2. (grammar, linguistics) corrupted form of a word, corruption
3. (grammar, linguistics) ungrammatical language
4. (grammar, linguistics) the most corrupt of the Prakrit dialects

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of अ॒प॒भ्रं॒श

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शः (apabhraṃśáḥ)	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शौ (apabhraṃśáu) अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शा¹ (apabhraṃśā́¹)	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शाः (apabhraṃśā́ḥ) अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शासः॑¹ (apabhraṃśā́saḥ¹)
accusative	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शम् (apabhraṃśám)	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शौ (apabhraṃśáu) अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शा¹ (apabhraṃśā́¹)	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शान् (apabhraṃśā́n)
instrumental	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शेन॑ (apabhraṃśéna)	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शाभ्या॑म् (apabhraṃśā́bhyām)	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शैः (apabhraṃśáiḥ) अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शेभिः॑¹ (apabhraṃśébhiḥ¹)
dative	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शाय॑ (apabhraṃśā́ya)	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शाभ्या॑म् (apabhraṃśā́bhyām)	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शेभ्यः॑ (apabhraṃśébhyaḥ)
ablative	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शात् (apabhraṃśā́t)	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शाभ्या॑म् (apabhraṃśā́bhyām)	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शेभ्यः॑ (apabhraṃśébhyaḥ)
genitive	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शस्य॑ (apabhraṃśásya)	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शयोः॑ (apabhraṃśáyoḥ)	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शाना॑म् (apabhraṃśā́nām)
locative	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शे (apabhraṃśé)	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शयोः॑ (apabhraṃśáyoḥ)	अ॒प॒भ्रं॒शेषु॑ (apabhraṃśéṣu)
vocative	अप॑भ्रंश (ápabhraṃśa)	अप॑भ्रंशौ (ápabhraṃśau) अप॑भ्रंशा¹ (ápabhraṃśā¹)	अप॑भ्रंशाः (ápabhraṃśāḥ) अप॑भ्रंशासः¹ (ápabhraṃśāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Descendants

• English: → Apabhraṃśa (learned), → Apabhramsha
• → Hindi: अपभ्रंश (apabhrañś)

References

• Monier Williams (1899), “अपभ्रंश”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0050.