अस्म

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

अ॒स्मद् (asmád), अ॒स्मत् (asmát) — combining forms, alternative constructions of pronominal base

Alternative scripts

অস্ম (Assamese script)
ᬅᬲ᭄ᬫ (Balinese script)
অস্ম (Bengali script)
𑰀𑰭𑰿𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀫 (Brahmi script)
အသ္မ (Burmese script)
અસ્મ (Gujarati script)
ਅਸ੍ਮ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌅𑌸𑍍𑌮 (Grantha script)
ꦄꦱ꧀ꦩ (Javanese script)
𑂃𑂮𑂹𑂧 (Kaithi script)
ಅಸ್ಮ (Kannada script)
អស្ម (Khmer script)
ອສ຺ມ (Lao script)
അസ്മ (Malayalam script)
ᠠᠰ᠌ᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘀𑘭𑘿𑘦 (Modi script)
ᠠᠰᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦠𑧍𑧠𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
𑐀𑐳𑑂𑐩 (Newa script)
ଅସ୍ମ (Odia script)
ꢂꢱ꣄ꢪ (Saurashtra script)
𑆃𑆱𑇀𑆩 (Sharada script)
𑖀𑖭𑖿𑖦 (Siddham script)
අස‍්ම (Sinhalese script)
𑩐𑪁 𑪙𑩴 (Soyombo script)
𑚀𑚨𑚶𑚢 (Takri script)
அஸ்ம (Tamil script)
అస్మ (Telugu script)
อสฺม (Thai script)
ཨ་སྨ (Tibetan script)
𑒁𑒮𑓂𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
𑨀𑨰𑩇𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Sanskrit personal pronouns
first person	singular	dual	plural
lemma	म (ma)	आव (āva)	अस्म (asma)
nominative case	अहम् (aham)	आवाम् (āvām)	वयम् (vayam)
enclitic form(s)	मा (mā), मे (me)	नौ (nau)	नः (naḥ)
second person	singular	dual	plural
lemma	त्व (tva)	युव (yuva)	युष्म (yuṣma)
nominative case	त्वम् (tvam)	युवाम् (yuvām)	यूयम् (yūyam)
enclitic form(s)	त्वा (tvā), ते (te)	वाम् (vām)	वः (vaḥ)

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *n̥smé

Proto-Indo-Iranian *asmá

Sanskrit अ॒स्म

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *n̥smé (“us”), ablative plural of *éǵh₂. Compare Latin nōs, Gothic 𐌿𐌽𐍃 (uns), Old English ūs (> modern English us).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɐs.mɐ́/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ɐs̪.mɐ/

Pronoun

अ॒स्म • (asmá)

base of the first person plural pronoun; we all
Coordinate term: यु॒ष्म (yuṣmá)

Declension

Declension of the first person plural pronoun
	plural
nominative	वयम् (vayám)
accusative	अस्मान् (asmā́n)
instrumental	अस्माभिः (asmā́bhiḥ)
dative	अस्मभ्यम् (asmábhyam), अस्मे¹ (asmé¹)
ablative	अस्मत् (asmát), अस्मत्तः (asmattaḥ)
genitive	अस्माकम् (asmā́kam)
locative	अस्मासु (asmā́su), अस्मे¹ (asmé¹)
enclitic accusative	नः (naḥ)
enclitic dative/genitive	नः (naḥ)

¹Vedic

Derived terms

अ॒स्माक॑ (asmā́ka, “our”)

Descendants

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀅𑀨𑁂 (aphe)
- Prakrit: 𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (amhe), 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀫𑁂 (asme) — Māgadhī
  - Apabhramsa: अम्हे (amhe)
    - Central Indo-Aryan:
      - Old Hindi: हम (hama), हंम (haṃma)
        Braj: हम (ham)
        Hindustani:
        Hindi: हम (ham)
        Urdu: ہم (ham)
    - Eastern Indo-Aryan:
      - Bengali-Assamese:
        Kamarupi Prakrit: 𑖁𑖦𑖿𑖮𑖸 (āmhe, “I, we”)
        Early Assamese: আমি (ami, “I, we”), আহ্মি (amhi)
        Assamese: আমি (ami)
        Kamta: আমি (ami)
        Rajbanshi: হামি (hami)
        Old Bengali: আহ্মি (āmhi)
        Bengali: আমি (ami)
        Rohingya: aññi
        Sylheti: ꠀꠝꠤ (ami)
      - Bihari:
        Bhojpuri: हम / 𑂯𑂧 (ham)
      - Odia: ଆମେ (āme), ଆମ୍ଭେ (āmbhe)
    - Northern Indo-Aryan:
      - Nepali: हामी (hāmī)
      - Garhwali: हम (ham)
    - Southern Indo-Aryan:
      - Konkani: आमि / ಆಮಿ / ami (āmi)
      - Old Marathi: 𑘁𑘦𑘲𑘽 / आमीं (āmīṃ), 𑘁𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘲 / आम्ही (āmhī)
        Marathi: आम्ही (āmhī)
    - Western Indo-Aryan:
      - Gujarati: અમે (ame)
      - Romani: amen, ame
      - Saurashtra: ꢂꢪꢶ / அமி (ami)
Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲𑁂 (*asse) (or another conservative form)
- Dardic:
  - Chitrali:
    - Kalasha: ábi
    - Khowar: اِسپا (ispā)
  - Shinaic:
    - Palula: asíi
- Prakrit: *𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲𑁂 (*asse)
  - Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
    - Punjabi: ਅਸੀਂ / اسیں (asī̃), ਅਸਾਂ / اساں (asā̃)
    - Sindhi: اَسِين / असीं (asī̃), اَسَان / असां (asā̃)
Pali: amhe

References

Monier Williams (1899), “अस्म”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 123, column 2.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “asmá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 151-2