इष्टका

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

इष्टिका (iṣṭikā)

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

ইষ্টকা (Assamese script)
ᬇᬱ᭄ᬝᬓᬵ (Balinese script)
ইষ্টকা (Bengali script)
𑰂𑰬𑰿𑰘𑰎𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀇𑀱𑁆𑀝𑀓𑀸 (Brahmi script)
ဣၑ္ဋကာ (Burmese script)
ઇષ્ટકા (Gujarati script)
ਇਸ਼੍ਟਕਾ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌇𑌷𑍍𑌟𑌕𑌾 (Grantha script)
ꦆꦰ꧀ꦛꦏꦴ (Javanese script)
𑂅𑂭𑂹𑂗𑂍𑂰 (Kaithi script)
ಇಷ್ಟಕಾ (Kannada script)
ឥឞ្ដកា (Khmer script)
ອິຩ຺ຏກາ (Lao script)
ഇഷ്ടകാ (Malayalam script)
ᡳᢢᢞᠠᡬᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
𑘂𑘬𑘿𑘘𑘎𑘰 (Modi script)
ᠢᢔᢌᠠᢉᠠ᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
𑦢𑧌𑧠𑦸𑦮𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
𑐂𑐲𑑂𑐚𑐎𑐵 (Newa script)
ଇଷ୍ଟକା (Odia script)
ꢄꢰ꣄ꢜꢒꢵ (Saurashtra script)
𑆅𑆰𑇀𑆛𑆑𑆳 (Sharada script)
𑖂𑖬𑖿𑖘𑖎𑖯 (Siddham script)
ඉෂ‍්ටකා (Sinhalese script)
𑩐𑩑𑪀 𑪙𑩦𑩜𑩛 (Soyombo script)
𑚂𑚶𑚔𑚊𑚭 (Takri script)
இஷ்டகா (Tamil script)
ఇష్టకా (Telugu script)
อิษฺฏกา (Thai script)
ཨི་ཥྚ་ཀཱ (Tibetan script)
𑒃𑒭𑓂𑒙𑒏𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
𑨀𑨁𑨯𑩇𑨔𑨋𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-Iranian *ištaH

Sanskrit इष्टका

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *íṣṭakaH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ištaH (“brick”), possibly from the BMAC substrate.^[1]^[2] Cognate with Avestan 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬌𐬌𐬀 (ištiia, “brick”), Persian (xešt, “brick”).

Older theories include linking the word to यस् (yas, “to heat up”), i.e. a "baked (heated) brick".^[3]

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /íʂ.ʈɐ.kɑː/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /iʂ.ʈɐ.kɑː/

Noun

इष्ट॑का • (íṣṭakā) stem, f ^[4]

Declension

Feminine ā-stem declension of इष्ट॑का
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	इष्ट॑का (íṣṭakā)	इष्ट॑के (íṣṭake)	इष्ट॑काः (íṣṭakāḥ)
accusative	इष्ट॑काम् (íṣṭakām)	इष्ट॑के (íṣṭake)	इष्ट॑काः (íṣṭakāḥ)
instrumental	इष्ट॑कया (íṣṭakayā) इष्ट॑का¹ (íṣṭakā¹)	इष्ट॑काभ्याम् (íṣṭakābhyām)	इष्ट॑काभिः (íṣṭakābhiḥ)
dative	इष्ट॑कायै (íṣṭakāyai)	इष्ट॑काभ्याम् (íṣṭakābhyām)	इष्ट॑काभ्यः (íṣṭakābhyaḥ)
ablative	इष्ट॑कायाः (íṣṭakāyāḥ) इष्ट॑कायै² (íṣṭakāyai²)	इष्ट॑काभ्याम् (íṣṭakābhyām)	इष्ट॑काभ्यः (íṣṭakābhyaḥ)
genitive	इष्ट॑कायाः (íṣṭakāyāḥ) इष्ट॑कायै² (íṣṭakāyai²)	इष्ट॑कयोः (íṣṭakayoḥ)	इष्ट॑कानाम् (íṣṭakānām)
locative	इष्ट॑कायाम् (íṣṭakāyām)	इष्ट॑कयोः (íṣṭakayoḥ)	इष्ट॑कासु (íṣṭakāsu)
vocative	इष्ट॑के (íṣṭake)	इष्ट॑के (íṣṭake)	इष्ट॑काः (íṣṭakāḥ)

¹Vedic
²Brāhmaṇas

Descendants

Inherited

Dardic:
- Chitrali:
  - Khowar: اُوشْٹُو (ušṭú), اِیشْٹُو (išṭú)
    - → Palula: iṣṭú
    - → Yazghulami: [script needed] (uštu), [script needed] (uštū)^[5]
Pali: iṭṭhakā
Prakrit: 𑀇𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀸 (iṭṭā)
- Central Indo-Aryan:
  - Old Braj: ईट (īṭ), ईंट (ī̃ṭ)
  - Old Hindi: ईंट (īṃṭa)
    - Bundeli: ईंट (ī̃ṭ)
    - Haryanvi: ईंट (ī̃ṭ)
    - Kannauji: ईंट
      - Middle Hindi: اینٹ (aynṭ /⁠ī̃ṭ⁠/)
        Hindustani: ī̃ṭ
        Hindi: ईंट
        Urdu: اِین٘ٹ
        →? Dhivehi: އީޓު (īṭu)
- Eastern Indo-Aryan:
  - Chakma: 𑄄𑄑𑄴 (iṭ), 𑄃𑄨𑄑𑄴 (iṭ)
  - Middle Bengali: ইটা (iṭa), ঈটা (iṭa)
    - Bengali: ইট (iṭ)
  - Magahi:
    Devanagari script: ईंट (īṇṭ)
    Kaithi script: 𑂆𑂁𑂗 (īṇṭ)
- Insular Indo-Aryan:
  - >? Sinhalese: උළු (uḷu)
- Northern Indo-Aryan:
  - Central Pahari:
    - Garhwali: ईंट (ī̃ṭ)
    - Kumaoni: ईंट
  - Eastern Pahari:
    - Nepali: इँट (ĩṭ)
  - Western Pahari:
    - Dogri: (iṭṭ)
      Devanagari script: इट्ट
      Dogra script: 𑠂𑠔𑠹𑠔
- Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
  - Punjabic:
    - Old Punjabi: ਇਟ (iṭa /⁠iṭṭa⁠/)
      - Punjabi:
        Gurmukhi script: ਇੱਟ (iṭṭa)
        Shahmukhi script: اِٹّ (īṭṭ)
      - Saraiki:
        Devanagari script: इट (iṭ)
        Multani script: 𑊁𑊐 (iṭ)
        Shahmukhi script: اِٹ (īṭ)
  - Sindhic:
    - Kachchi: iṭ
      Gujarati script: ઇટ
      Khudabadi script: 𑊲𑋆
- Southern Indo-Aryan:
  - Konkani:
    Devanagari script: वीट (vīṭ)
    Latin script: vitt
    Kannada script: ವೀಟ್ (vīṭ)
  - Old Marathi:
    Devanagari script: इट (iṭa)
    Modi script: 𑘃𑘘 (īṭa)
    Marathi: (vīṭ)
    Devanagari script: वीट
    Modi script: 𑘪𑘲𑘘
    Varhadi: (īṭ)
    Devanagari script: ईट
    Modi script: 𑘃𑘘
    →? Dhivehi: އީޓު (īṭu)
- Western Indo-Aryan:
  - Gujaratic:
    - Middle Gujarati: ईट
      - Gujarati: ઈંટ (ī̃ṭ)
      - →? Dhivehi: އީޓު (īṭu)
  - Rajasthani:
    - Ahirani: इट (iṭ)
    - Dhundhari: ईंट (ī̃ṭ)
    - Gojri: اِٹ (iṭ)
    - Malvi: ईंट (ī̃ṭ)
    - Marwari:
      Devanagari script: ईंट (ī̃ṭ)
      Mahajani script: 𑅑𑅧𑅞 (inṭ /⁠ī̃ṭ⁠/)
    - Mewati: ईंट (ī̃ṭ)
    - Mewari: ईंट (ī̃ṭ)
Prakrit: 𑀇𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀕𑀸 (iṭṭagā), 𑀇𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀸𑀕𑀸 (iṭṭāgā) (with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-))
- Eastern Indo-Aryan:
  - Magadhi Prakrit:
    - Assamese: ইটা (ita)
    - Bihari: ईँट (ī̃ṭ), ईँटा (ī̃ṭā)
      - Bhojpuri: ईँटि (ī̃ṭi)
      - Maithili: ईँटा (ī̃ṭā)
    - Odia: ଇଟା (iṭā)
- Northern Indo-Aryan:
  - Nepali: इँट्टा (ĩṭṭā)

Borrowed

→ Kannada: ಇಟ್ಟಿಗೆ (iṭṭige)
→ Telugu: ఇటుక (iṭuka)
→ Kolami: ఇట్కె (iṭke)
→ Malayalam: ഇഷ്ടിക (iṣṭika)
→ Old Javanese: iṣṭakā, wiṣṭaka
→ Tamil: இட்டிகை (iṭṭikai)
→ Thai: อิฐ (ìt)

References

^ Lubotsky, Alexander (1999), “The Indo-Iranian substratum”, in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations‎^[1], Helsinki, page 4: “*išt(i̯)a- `brick'”
^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017–2018), “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Indo-Iranian, page 1949: “*išta-, *išti- ‘brick’”
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “íṣṭakā-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 201
^ Monier Williams (1899), “इष्टका”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 169/3.
^ Morgenstierne, Georg (1938), “'uštu”, in Iranian Pamir Languages (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages), volume II, Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning; H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), page Í9Β

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Descendants

References

Further reading