गुरु
Hindi
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Sanskrit गुरु (guru).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Standard Hindi) IPA(key): /ɡʊ.ɾuː/
Adjective
[edit]गुरु • (guru) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling گرو)
Derived terms
[edit]- गुरुत्व (gurutva)
Noun
[edit]गुरु • (guru) m (Urdu spelling گرو)
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | गुरु guru |
गुरु guru |
| oblique | गुरु guru |
गुरुओं guruõ |
| vocative | गुरु guru |
गुरुओ guruo |
Nepali
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गुरु (guru).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]गुरु • (guru)
Declension
[edit]| Declension of गुरु | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||
| nominative | गुरु [ɡuɾu] | गुरुहरू [ɡuɾuʌɾu] | |
| accusative/dative | गुरुलाई [ɡuɾuläi] | गुरुहरूलाई [ɡuɾuʌɾuläi] | |
| instrumental/ergative | गुरुले [ɡuɾule] | गुरुहरूले [ɡuɾuʌɾule] | |
| ablative | गुरुबाट [ɡuɾubäʈʌ] | गुरुहरूबाट [ɡuɾuʌɾubäʈʌ] | |
| genitive | गुरुको [ɡuɾuko] | गुरुहरूको [ɡuɾuʌɾuko] | |
| locative | गुरुमा [ɡuɾumä] | गुरुहरूमा [ɡuɾuʌɾumä] | |
| Notes: | |||
References
[edit]- “गुरु”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary][2], Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
- Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993), “गुरु”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar
Pali
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Alternative scripts
Adjective
[edit]गुरु
- Devanagari script form of guru (“heavy”)
Declension
[edit]Declension table of "गुरु" (masculine)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | गुरु (guru) | गुरवो (guravo) or गुरू (gurū) |
| Accusative (second) | गुरुं (guruṃ) | गुरवो (guravo) or गुरू (gurū) |
| Instrumental (third) | गुरुना (gurunā) | गुरूहि (gurūhi) or गुरूभि (gurūbhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | गुरुस्स (gurussa) or गुरुनो (guruno) | गुरूनं (gurūnaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | गुरुस्मा (gurusmā) or गुरुम्हा (gurumhā) | गुरूहि (gurūhi) or गुरूभि (gurūbhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | गुरुस्स (gurussa) or गुरुनो (guruno) | गुरूनं (gurūnaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | गुरुस्मिं (gurusmiṃ) or गुरुम्हि (gurumhi) | गुरूसु (gurūsu) |
| Vocative (calling) | गुरु (guru) | गुरवे (gurave) or गुरवो (guravo) |
Declension table of "गुरुनी" (feminine)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | गुरुनी (gurunī) | गुरुनियो (guruniyo) or गुरुनी (gurunī) |
| Accusative (second) | गुरुनिं (guruniṃ) or गुरुनियं (guruniyaṃ) | गुरुनियो (guruniyo) or गुरुनी (gurunī) |
| Instrumental (third) | गुरुनिया (guruniyā) | गुरुनीहि (gurunīhi) or गुरुनीभि (gurunībhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | गुरुनिया (guruniyā) | गुरुनीनं (gurunīnaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | गुरुनिया (guruniyā) | गुरुनीहि (gurunīhi) or गुरुनीभि (gurunībhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | गुरुनिया (guruniyā) | गुरुनीनं (gurunīnaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | गुरुनिया (guruniyā) or गुरुनियं (guruniyaṃ) | गुरुनीसु (gurunīsu) |
| Vocative (calling) | गुरुनि (guruni) | गुरुनियो (guruniyo) or गुरुनी (gurunī) |
Declension table of "गुरु" (neuter)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | गुरु (guru) | गुरूनि (gurūni) or गुरू (gurū) |
| Accusative (second) | गुरुं (guruṃ) | गुरूनि (gurūni) or गुरू (gurū) |
| Instrumental (third) | गुरुना (gurunā) | गुरूहि (gurūhi) or गुरूभि (gurūbhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | गुरुस्स (gurussa) or गुरुनो (guruno) | गुरूनं (gurūnaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | गुरुस्मा (gurusmā) or गुरुम्हा (gurumhā) | गुरूहि (gurūhi) or गुरूभि (gurūbhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | गुरुस्स (gurussa) or गुरुनो (guruno) | गुरूनं (gurūnaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | गुरुस्मिं (gurusmiṃ) or गुरुम्हि (gurumhi) | गुरूसु (gurūsu) |
| Vocative (calling) | गुरु (guru) | गुरूनि (gurūni) or गुरू (gurū) |
Noun
[edit]गुरु m
- Devanagari script form of guru (“teacher”)
Declension
[edit]Declension table of "गुरु" (masculine)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | गुरु (guru) | गुरवो (guravo) or गुरू (gurū) |
| Accusative (second) | गुरुं (guruṃ) | गुरवो (guravo) or गुरू (gurū) |
| Instrumental (third) | गुरुना (gurunā) | गुरूहि (gurūhi) or गुरूभि (gurūbhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | गुरुस्स (gurussa) or गुरुनो (guruno) | गुरूनं (gurūnaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | गुरुस्मा (gurusmā) or गुरुम्हा (gurumhā) | गुरूहि (gurūhi) or गुरूभि (gurūbhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | गुरुस्स (gurussa) or गुरुनो (guruno) | गुरूनं (gurūnaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | गुरुस्मिं (gurusmiṃ) or गुरुम्हि (gurumhi) | गुरूसु (gurūsu) |
| Vocative (calling) | गुरु (guru) | गुरवे (gurave) or गुरवो (guravo) |
Sanskrit
[edit]Alternative scripts
[edit]Alternative scripts
- গুৰু (Assamese script)
- ᬕᬸᬭᬸ (Balinese script)
- গুরু (Bengali script)
- 𑰐𑰲𑰨𑰲 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀕𑀼𑀭𑀼 (Brahmi script)
- ဂုရု (Burmese script)
- ગુરુ (Gujarati script)
- ਗੁਰੁ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌗𑍁𑌰𑍁 (Grantha script)
- ꦒꦸꦫꦸ (Javanese script)
- 𑂏𑂳𑂩𑂳 (Kaithi script)
- ಗುರು (Kannada script)
- គុរុ (Khmer script)
- ຄຸຣຸ (Lao script)
- ഗുരു (Malayalam script)
- ᡤᡠᡵᡠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘐𑘳𑘨𑘳 (Modi script)
- ᠺᠤᠷᠤ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦰𑧔𑧈𑧔 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐐𑐸𑐬𑐸 (Newa script)
- ଗୁରୁ (Odia script)
- ꢔꢸꢬꢸ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆓𑆶𑆫𑆶 (Sharada script)
- 𑖐𑖲𑖨𑖲 (Siddham script)
- ගුරු (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩞𑩒𑩼𑩒 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚌𑚰𑚤𑚰 (Takri script)
- கு³ரு (Tamil script)
- గురు (Telugu script)
- คุรุ (Thai script)
- གུ་རུ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒑𑒳𑒩𑒳 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨍𑨃𑨫𑨃 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gr̥Húš, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥h₂ús (“heavy”).[1] Cognate with Ancient Greek βαρύς (barús), Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌿𐍃 (kaurus, “burdensome”), Latin gravis, Persian گران (gerân).
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]गु॒रु • (gurú) stem (comparative गरीयस् or गुरुतर, superlative गरिष्ठ or गुरुतम)
- heavy, weighty
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 4.5.6:
- इ॒दं मे॑ अग्ने॒ किय॑ते पाव॒कामि॑नते गु॒रुं भा॒रं न मन्म॑।
बृ॒हद्द॑धाथ धृष॒ता ग॑भी॒रं य॒ह्वं पृ॒ष्ठं प्रय॑सा स॒प्तधा॑तु॥- idáṃ me agne kíyate pāvakā́minate gurúṃ bhāráṃ ná mánma.
bṛháddadhātha dhṛṣatā́ gabhīráṃ yahváṃ pṛṣṭháṃ práyasā saptádhātu. - Purifier, Agni, bestow on me, not neglecting your worship, this acceptable and vast wealth, like a heavy load on a feeble bearer, together with invigorating food; wealth, secure, abundant, tangible, and consisting of the seven elements.
- idáṃ me agne kíyate pāvakā́minate gurúṃ bhāráṃ ná mánma.
- इ॒दं मे॑ अग्ने॒ किय॑ते पाव॒कामि॑नते गु॒रुं भा॒रं न मन्म॑।
- heavy in the stomach (food), difficult to digest
- great, large, extended, long
- (prosody) long by nature or position (a vowel)
- high in degree, vehement, violent, excessive, difficult, hard
- grievous
- important, serious, momentous
- valuable, highly prized
- haughty, proud (speech)
- venerable, respectable
Declension
[edit]| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गु॒रुः (gurúḥ) | गु॒रू (gurū́) | गु॒रवः॑ (gurávaḥ) |
| accusative | गु॒रुम् (gurúm) | गु॒रू (gurū́) | गु॒रून् (gurū́n) |
| instrumental | गु॒रुणा॑ (gurúṇā) गु॒र्वा¹ (gurvā́¹) |
गु॒रुभ्या॑म् (gurúbhyām) | गु॒रुभिः॑ (gurúbhiḥ) |
| dative | गु॒रवे॑ (guráve) गु॒र्वे¹ (gurvé¹) |
गु॒रुभ्या॑म् (gurúbhyām) | गु॒रुभ्यः॑ (gurúbhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गु॒रोः (guróḥ) गु॒र्वः¹ (gurváḥ¹) |
गु॒रुभ्या॑म् (gurúbhyām) | गु॒रुभ्यः॑ (gurúbhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गु॒रोः (guróḥ) गु॒र्वः¹ (gurváḥ¹) |
गु॒र्वोः (gurvóḥ) | गु॒रू॒णाम् (gurūṇā́m) |
| locative | गु॒रौ (guráu) | गु॒र्वोः (gurvóḥ) | गु॒रुषु॑ (gurúṣu) |
| vocative | गुरो॑ (gúro) | गुरू॑ (gúrū) | गुर॑वः (gúravaḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गुर्वी (gurvī) | गुर्व्यौ (gurvyau) गुर्वी¹ (gurvī¹) |
गुर्व्यः (gurvyaḥ) गुर्वीः¹ (gurvīḥ¹) |
| accusative | गुर्वीम् (gurvīm) | गुर्व्यौ (gurvyau) गुर्वी¹ (gurvī¹) |
गुर्वीः (gurvīḥ) |
| instrumental | गुर्व्या (gurvyā) | गुर्वीभ्याम् (gurvībhyām) | गुर्वीभिः (gurvībhiḥ) |
| dative | गुर्व्यै (gurvyai) | गुर्वीभ्याम् (gurvībhyām) | गुर्वीभ्यः (gurvībhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गुर्व्याः (gurvyāḥ) गुर्व्यै² (gurvyai²) |
गुर्वीभ्याम् (gurvībhyām) | गुर्वीभ्यः (gurvībhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गुर्व्याः (gurvyāḥ) गुर्व्यै² (gurvyai²) |
गुर्व्योः (gurvyoḥ) | गुर्वीणाम् (gurvīṇām) |
| locative | गुर्व्याम् (gurvyām) | गुर्व्योः (gurvyoḥ) | गुर्वीषु (gurvīṣu) |
| vocative | गुर्वि (gurvi) | गुर्व्यौ (gurvyau) गुर्वी¹ (gurvī¹) |
गुर्व्यः (gurvyaḥ) गुर्वीः¹ (gurvīḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गु॒रु (gurú) | गु॒रुणी॑ (gurúṇī) | गु॒रूणि॑ (gurū́ṇi) गु॒रु¹ (gurú¹) गु॒रू¹ (gurū́¹) |
| accusative | गु॒रु (gurú) | गु॒रुणी॑ (gurúṇī) | गु॒रूणि॑ (gurū́ṇi) गु॒रु¹ (gurú¹) गु॒रू¹ (gurū́¹) |
| instrumental | गु॒रुणा॑ (gurúṇā) गु॒र्वा¹ (gurvā́¹) |
गु॒रुभ्या॑म् (gurúbhyām) | गु॒रुभिः॑ (gurúbhiḥ) |
| dative | गु॒रुणे॑ (gurúṇe) गु॒रवे॑ (guráve) गु॒र्वे¹ (gurvé¹) |
गु॒रुभ्या॑म् (gurúbhyām) | गु॒रुभ्यः॑ (gurúbhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गु॒रुणः॑ (gurúṇaḥ) गु॒रोः (guróḥ) गु॒र्वः¹ (gurváḥ¹) |
गु॒रुभ्या॑म् (gurúbhyām) | गु॒रुभ्यः॑ (gurúbhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गु॒रुणः॑ (gurúṇaḥ) गु॒रोः (guróḥ) गु॒र्वः¹ (gurváḥ¹) |
गु॒रुणोः॑ (gurúṇoḥ) गु॒र्वोः (gurvóḥ) |
गु॒रू॒णाम् (gurūṇā́m) |
| locative | गु॒रुणि॑ (gurúṇi) गु॒रौ (guráu) |
गु॒रुणोः॑ (gurúṇoḥ) गु॒र्वोः (gurvóḥ) |
गु॒रुषु॑ (gurúṣu) |
| vocative | गुरु॑ (gúru) गुरो॑ (gúro) |
गुरु॑णी (gúruṇī) | गुरू॑णि (gúrūṇi) गुरु॑¹ (gúru¹) गुरू॑¹ (gúrū¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Noun
[edit]गु॒रु • (gurú) stem, m
- guru
- any venerable or respectable person (father, mother, or any relative older than oneself)
- master, teacher
- sage
Declension
[edit]| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गु॒रुः (gurúḥ) | गु॒रू (gurū́) | गु॒रवः॑ (gurávaḥ) |
| accusative | गु॒रुम् (gurúm) | गु॒रू (gurū́) | गु॒रून् (gurū́n) |
| instrumental | गु॒रुणा॑ (gurúṇā) गु॒र्वा¹ (gurvā́¹) |
गु॒रुभ्या॑म् (gurúbhyām) | गु॒रुभिः॑ (gurúbhiḥ) |
| dative | गु॒रवे॑ (guráve) गु॒र्वे¹ (gurvé¹) |
गु॒रुभ्या॑म् (gurúbhyām) | गु॒रुभ्यः॑ (gurúbhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गु॒रोः (guróḥ) गु॒र्वः¹ (gurváḥ¹) |
गु॒रुभ्या॑म् (gurúbhyām) | गु॒रुभ्यः॑ (gurúbhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गु॒रोः (guróḥ) गु॒र्वः¹ (gurváḥ¹) |
गु॒र्वोः (gurvóḥ) | गु॒रू॒णाम् (gurūṇā́m) |
| locative | गु॒रौ (guráu) | गु॒र्वोः (gurvóḥ) | गु॒रुषु॑ (gurúṣu) |
| vocative | गुरो॑ (gúro) | गुरू॑ (gúrū) | गुर॑वः (gúravaḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Pali: garu (“heavy”)
- Ashokan Prakrit: (Girnar) 𑀕𑀼𑀭𑀼 (guru), (Shahbazgarhi) 𑀕𑀭𑀼 (garu), 𑀕𑀼𑀮𑀼 (gulu), 𑀕𑀮𑀼 (galu)
- → Bengali: গুরু (guru)
- → Bulgarian: гу́ру (gúru)
- → English: guru
- → French: gourou
- → German: Guru
- → Greek: γκουρού (gkouroú)
- → Hindustani: (learned)
- → Kannada: ಗುರು (guru)
- → Lü: ᦆᦴ (xuu)
- → Macedonian: гу́ру (gúru)
- → Malay: guru
- → Malayalam: ഗുരു (guru)
- → Marathi: गुरू (gurū)
- Nepali: गह्रुङ्गो (gahruṅgo, “heavy”)
- → Old Javanese: guru
- → Old Khmer: គុរុ (guru)
- → Odia: ଗୁରୁ (guru)
- → Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽲𐽶𐽾 (ʾʾqyr /aġïr/, “guru”, literally “heavy”) (calque)
- → Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽳𐽾𐽳 (qwrw /ġuru/)
- → Pali: guru (“teacher”)
- → Polish: guru
- → Portuguese: guru
- → Prakrit: 𑀕𑀼𑀭𑀼 (guru, “teacher”), 𑀕𑀼𑀭𑀼𑀅 (gurua)
- → Punjabi:
- → Russian: гу́ру (gúru)
- → Serbo-Croatian: гуру
- → Spanish: gurú
- → Tamil: குரு (kuru), குருவன் (kuruvaṉ)
- → Telugu: గురువు (guruvu)
- → Tibetan: གུརུ (guru)
- → Toba Batak: ᯎᯮᯒᯮ (guru)
- → Ukrainian: гу́ру (húru)
References
[edit]- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “gurú-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 490
Further reading
[edit]- Monier Williams (1899), “गुरु”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 359, column 2.
Categories:
- Hindi terms borrowed from Sanskrit
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- Hindi lemmas
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- Hindi nouns
- Hindi masculine nouns
- hi:Astronomy
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- Nepali learned borrowings from Sanskrit
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- Pali adjectives
- Pali adjectives in Devanagari script
- Pali nouns
- Pali nouns in Devanagari script
- Pali masculine nouns
- Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit terms inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit terms inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Sanskrit terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Sanskrit terms with IPA pronunciation
- Sanskrit lemmas
- Sanskrit adjectives
- Sanskrit adjectives in Devanagari script
- Sanskrit terms with quotations
- sa:Prosody
- Sanskrit u-stem adjectives
- Sanskrit u-stem nouns
- Sanskrit nouns
- Sanskrit nouns in Devanagari script
- Sanskrit masculine nouns