ज्या

See also: ज्यौ, जय, and जाया

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

জ্যা (Assamese script)
ᬚ᭄ᬬᬵ (Balinese script)
জ্যা (Bengali script)
𑰕𑰿𑰧𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀚𑁆𑀬𑀸 (Brahmi script)
ဇျာ (Burmese script)
જ્યા (Gujarati script)
ਜ੍ਯਾ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌜𑍍𑌯𑌾 (Grantha script)
ꦗꦾꦴ (Javanese script)
𑂔𑂹𑂨𑂰 (Kaithi script)
ಜ್ಯಾ (Kannada script)
ជ្យា (Khmer script)
ຊ຺ຍາ (Lao script)
ജ്യാ (Malayalam script)
ᡯᠶᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
𑘕𑘿𑘧𑘰 (Modi script)
ᠽᠶ᠎ᠠ᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
𑦵𑧠𑧇𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 (Newa script)
ଜ୍ଯା (Odia script)
ꢙ꣄ꢫꢵ (Saurashtra script)
𑆘𑇀𑆪𑆳 (Sharada script)
𑖕𑖿𑖧𑖯 (Siddham script)
ජ්‍යා (Sinhalese script)
𑩣 𑪙𑩻𑩛 (Soyombo script)
𑚑𑚶𑚣𑚭 (Takri script)
ஜ்யா (Tamil script)
జ్యా (Telugu script)
ชฺยา (Thai script)
ཛྱཱ (Tibetan script)
𑒖𑓂𑒨𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
𑨥𑩇𑨪𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰyáH, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷyéH (“bow-string, string”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬁 (jiiā), Persian (zeh), Ancient Greek βιός (biós, “bow-string, tendon”), Middle Welsh gieu (“tendon”).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑi.jɑ́ː/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑjɑː/

Noun

ज्या • (jyā́) stem, f

a bowstring
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 6.75.3:
  व॒क्ष्यन्ती॒वेदा ग॑नीगन्ति॒ कर्णं॑ प्रि॒यं सखा॑यं परिषस्वजा॒ना।
  योषे॑व शिङ्क्ते॒ वित॒ताधि॒ धन्व॒ञ्ज्या इ॒यं सम॑ने पा॒रय॑न्ती॥
  vakṣyántīvédā́ ganīganti kárṇaṃ priyáṃ sákhāyaṃ pariṣasvajānā́.
  yóṣeva śiṅkte vítatā́dhi dhánvañjyā́ iyáṃ sámane pāráyantī.
  Close to his chariot, as fain to speak, She presses, holding her well-loved Friend in her embraces.
  Strained on the Bow, She whispers like a woman-this Bowstring that preserves us in the combat.
- c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) IV.5.1.11:
  प्रमुञ्च॒ धन्व॑न॒स्त्वमु॒भयो॒रार्त्नि॑यो॒र्ज्याम्।
  याश्च॑ ते॒ हस्त॒ इष॑वः॒ परा॒ ता भ॑गवो वप॥
  prámúñca dhánvanastvámubháyorā́rtniyorjyā́m.
  yā́śca te hásta íṣavaḥ párā tā́ bhagavo vapa.
  Unfasten the bowstring from the two notches of thy bow,
  And cast thou down the arrows in thy hand.
(trigonometry) sine

Declension

Feminine ā-stem declension of ज्या
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ज्या (jyā́)	ज्ये (jyé)	ज्याः (jyā́ḥ)
accusative	ज्याम् (jyā́m)	ज्ये (jyé)	ज्याः (jyā́ḥ)
instrumental	ज्यया॑ (jyáyā) ज्या¹ (jyā́¹)	ज्याभ्या॑म् (jyā́bhyām)	ज्याभिः॑ (jyā́bhiḥ)
dative	ज्यायै॑ (jyā́yai)	ज्याभ्या॑म् (jyā́bhyām)	ज्याभ्यः॑ (jyā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	ज्यायाः॑ (jyā́yāḥ) ज्यायै॑² (jyā́yai²)	ज्याभ्या॑म् (jyā́bhyām)	ज्याभ्यः॑ (jyā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	ज्यायाः॑ (jyā́yāḥ) ज्यायै॑² (jyā́yai²)	ज्ययोः॑ (jyáyoḥ)	ज्याना॑म् (jyā́nām)
locative	ज्याया॑म् (jyā́yām)	ज्ययोः॑ (jyáyoḥ)	ज्यासु॑ (jyā́su)
vocative	ज्ये (jyé)	ज्ये (jyé)	ज्याः (jyā́ḥ)

¹Vedic
²Brāhmaṇas

Descendants

Dardic:
- Kalasha: ǰi
Pali: jiyā

References

Monier Williams (1899), “ज्या”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 427, column 1.
Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2026), “jyā”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́yaH-, perhaps further from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyeH- though there would be no non-Indo-Iranian cognates. Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬌𐬥𐬁𐬙𐬌 (zināti, “wins, overpowers”).

Avestan z- reflects Proto-Indo-European *ǵ-, but the root जि (ji) (Younger Avestan 𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌 (jaiiāi, “will win”)) is generally held to descend from Proto-Indo-European *gʷey- (“to win”). So this root and जि (ji) are unrelated.

Alternative forms

जी (jī)

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑjɑː/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑjɑː/

Root

ज्या • (jyā)

to overpower, oppress

Derived terms

Primary verbal forms

जि॒नाति॑ (jinā́ti, present)
जीय॑ते (jī́yate, present)
ज्यास्यति (jyāsyati, future)
ज्याता (jyātā, periphrastic future)
अज्यासीत् (ajyāsīt, aorist)
जीयात् (jīyāt, benedictive)
जि॒ज्यौ (jijyaú, perfect)

Secondary forms

जी॒यते॑ (jīyáte, passive)
ज्यापयति (jyāpayati, causative)
अजिज्यपत् (ajijyapat, causative aorist)
जिज्या॑सति (jíjyāsati, desiderative)
जेजीयते (jejīyate, intensive)
जाज्याति (jājyāti, intensive)

Non-finite forms

जी॒त (jītá, past participle)
जीन (jīna, past participle)
जीत्वा (jītvā, gerund)
ज्याय (jyāya, gerund)
ज्येय (jyeya, gerundive)

Derived nominal forms

जीति (jīti)
ज्या (jyā́)
ज्यान॑ (jyā́na)
ज्या॒नि (jyāní)
ज्याय (jyāya)
ज्याय॑स् (jyā́yas)
ज्यायिष्ठ (jyāyiṣṭha)
ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭha)

Sanskrit terms belonging to the root ज्या (0 c, 2 e)

Terms derived from the Sanskrit root ज्या (3 c, 0 e)

References

Monier Williams (1899), “ज्या”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 426, column 3.
William Dwight Whitney (1885), The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 56

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 167
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 574
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 603