दक्षिण

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit दक्षिण (dakṣiṇa), from Proto-Indo-European *deḱs- (“right (side)”). Doublet of दक्खिन (dakkhin).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /d̪ək.ʂɪɳ/, [d̪ɐk.ʃɪ̃ɳ]

Adjective

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling دکشن)

1. right
2. southern

Noun

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ) m (Urdu spelling دکشن)

1. right (side)
2. south

Declension

Declension of दक्षिण (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	दक्षिण dakṣiṇ	दक्षिण dakṣiṇ
oblique	दक्षिण dakṣiṇ	दक्षिणों dakṣiṇõ
vocative	दक्षिण dakṣiṇ	दक्षिणो dakṣiṇo

Coordinate terms

compass points: दिक्सूचक बिंदु (diksūcak bindu):  ^[edit]

पश्चिमोत्तर (paścimottar)	उत्तर (uttar)	पूर्वोत्तर (pūrvottar)
पश्चिम (paścim)		पूर्व (pūrv)
दक्षिण-पश्चिम (dakṣiṇ-paścim)	दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ)	दक्षिण-पूर्व (dakṣiṇ-pūrv)

Marathi

दक्षिण दिशा

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit दक्षिण (dakṣiṇa), from Proto-Indo-European *deḱs- (“right (side)”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪ək.ʂiɳ/, [d̪ək.ʂiːɳ]

Adjective

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ)

1. southern

Noun

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ) f

1. south

See also

compass points: दिशा (diśā):  ^[edit]

वायव्य (vāyavya)	उत्तर (uttar)	ईशान्य (īśānya)
पश्चिम (paścim)		पूर्व (pūrva)
नैऋत्य (naiŕtya)	दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ)	आग्नेय (āgney)

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983), “दक्षिण”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies

Nepali

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit दक्षिण (dakṣiṇa).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [d̪ʌk̚t͡sʰjiɽ̃]
• Phonetic Devanagari: दछिण्
• IPA^(key): [d̪ʌk̚kʰin], [d̪ʌkt͡sʰĩɽ̃], [d̪ʌt̚t͡sʰiɽ̃]
• Phonetic Devanagari: दक्खिन्, or दक्छिंण्

Noun

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ)

1. south

Adjective

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ)

1. south

Further reading

• “दक्षिण”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎^[2], Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
• Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993), “दक्षिण”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• দক্ষিণ (Assamese script)
• ᬤᬓ᭄ᬱᬶᬡ (Balinese script)
• দক্ষিণ (Bengali script)
• 𑰟𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰰𑰜 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀤𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀺𑀡 (Brahmi script)
• ဒက္ၑိဏ (Burmese script)
• દક્ષિણ (Gujarati script)
• ਦਕ੍ਸ਼ਿਣ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌦𑌕𑍍𑌷𑌿𑌣 (Grantha script)
• ꦢꦏ꧀ꦰꦶꦟ (Javanese script)
• 𑂠𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂱𑂝 (Kaithi script)
• ದಕ್ಷಿಣ (Kannada script)
• ទក្ឞិណ (Khmer script)
• ທກ຺ຩິຓ (Lao script)
• ദക്ഷിണ (Malayalam script)
• ᡩᠠᡬᢢᡳᢏᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘟𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘱𑘜 (Modi script)
• ᢑᠠᢉᢔᠢᢏᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦿𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧒𑦼 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 (Newa script)
• ଦକ୍ଷିଣ (Odia script)
• ꢣꢒ꣄ꢰꢶꢠ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆢𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆴𑆟 (Sharada script)
• 𑖟𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖰𑖜 (Siddham script)
• දක්‍ෂිණ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩭𑩜 𑪙𑪀𑩑𑩪 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚛𑚊𑚶𑚮𑚘 (Takri script)
• த³க்ஷிண (Tamil script)
• దక్షిణ (Telugu script)
• ทกฺษิณ (Thai script)
• ད་ཀྵི་ཎ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒠𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒱𑒝 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨛𑨋𑩇𑨯𑨁𑨘 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *déḱs

Proto-Indo-European *déḱs-i-no-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian *dáćšinas

Sanskrit दक्षिण

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dáćšinas (“right, righthand”), from Proto-Indo-European *déḱs-i-no-s, from *déḱs (“right side”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬱𐬌𐬥𐬀 (dašina), Lithuanian dẽšinas, Serbo-Croatian дѐснӣ/dèsnī, Ancient Greek δεξιός (dexiós, “right”), Latin dexter (“right”), Gothic 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍅𐌰 (taihswa).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /dɐ́k.ʂi.ɳɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /d̪ɐk.ʂi.ɳɐ/

Adjective

दक्षि॑ण • (dákṣiṇa) stem

1. right, righthand; located on the right
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 3.39.6:

     इन्द्रो॒ मधु॒ सम्भृ॑तमु॒स्रिया॑यां प॒द्वद्वि॑वेद श॒फव॒न्नमे॒ गोः।
     गुहा॑ हि॒तं गुह्यं॑ गू॒ळ्हम॒प्सु हस्ते॑ दधे॒ दक्षि॑णे॒ दक्षि॑णावान्॥

     índro mádhu sámbhṛtamusríyāyāṃ padvádviveda śaphávannáme góḥ.
     gúhā hitáṃ gúhyaṃ gūḷhámapsú háste dadhe dákṣiṇe dákṣiṇāvān.

     Indra discovered the sweet milk secreted in the cow, and thereupon, brought forth (from their concealment) the herd (of cattle) having feet and having hoofs; munificent (in gifts), he held in his right hand that which had been hidden in the cavern, which was concealed in the waters.

   • c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda
2. southern
   • c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) IV.5.11.2:

     नमो रुद्रेभ्यो ये पृथिव्यां ये ऽन्तरिक्षे ये दिवि येषाम् अन्नं वातो वर्षम् इषवस् तेभ्यो दश प्राचीर् दश दक्षिणा दश प्रतीचीर् दशोदीचीर् दशोर्ध्वास् तेभ्यो नमस् ते नो मृडयन्तु ते यं द्विष्मो यश् च नो द्वेष्टि तं वो जम्भे दधामि ॥

     namo rudrebhyo ye pṛthivyāṃ ye ʼntarikṣe ye divi yeṣām annaṃ vāto varṣam iṣavas tebhyo daśa prācīr daśa dakṣiṇā daśa pratīcīr daśodīcīr daśordhvās tebhyo namas te no mṛḍayantu te yaṃ dviṣmo yaś ca no dveṣṭi taṃ vo jambhe dadhāmi.

     Homage to the Rudras on the earth, in the atmosphere, in the sky, whose arrows are food, wind, and rain, to them ten eastwards, ten to the south, ten to the west, ten to the north, ten upwards; to them homage, be they merciful to us, him whom we hate and him who hateth us, I place him within your jaws.

   • c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of दक्षि॑ण

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दक्षि॑णः (dákṣiṇaḥ)	दक्षि॑णौ (dákṣiṇau) दक्षि॑णा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)	दक्षि॑णाः (dákṣiṇāḥ) दक्षि॑णासः¹ (dákṣiṇāsaḥ¹)
accusative	दक्षि॑णम् (dákṣiṇam)	दक्षि॑णौ (dákṣiṇau) दक्षि॑णा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)	दक्षि॑णान् (dákṣiṇān)
instrumental	दक्षि॑णेन (dákṣiṇena)	दक्षि॑णाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षि॑णैः (dákṣiṇaiḥ) दक्षि॑णेभिः¹ (dákṣiṇebhiḥ¹)
dative	दक्षि॑णाय (dákṣiṇāya)	दक्षि॑णाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षि॑णेभ्यः (dákṣiṇebhyaḥ)
ablative	दक्षि॑णात् (dákṣiṇāt)	दक्षि॑णाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षि॑णेभ्यः (dákṣiṇebhyaḥ)
genitive	दक्षि॑णस्य (dákṣiṇasya)	दक्षि॑णयोः (dákṣiṇayoḥ)	दक्षि॑णानाम् (dákṣiṇānām)
locative	दक्षि॑णे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षि॑णयोः (dákṣiṇayoḥ)	दक्षि॑णेषु (dákṣiṇeṣu)
vocative	दक्षि॑ण (dákṣiṇa)	दक्षि॑णौ (dákṣiṇau) दक्षि॑णा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)	दक्षि॑णाः (dákṣiṇāḥ) दक्षि॑णासः¹ (dákṣiṇāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of दक्षि॑णा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दक्षि॑णा (dákṣiṇā)	दक्षि॑णे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षि॑णाः (dákṣiṇāḥ)
accusative	दक्षि॑णाम् (dákṣiṇām)	दक्षि॑णे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षि॑णाः (dákṣiṇāḥ)
instrumental	दक्षि॑णया (dákṣiṇayā) दक्षि॑णा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)	दक्षि॑णाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षि॑णाभिः (dákṣiṇābhiḥ)
dative	दक्षि॑णायै (dákṣiṇāyai)	दक्षि॑णाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षि॑णाभ्यः (dákṣiṇābhyaḥ)
ablative	दक्षि॑णायाः (dákṣiṇāyāḥ) दक्षि॑णायै² (dákṣiṇāyai²)	दक्षि॑णाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षि॑णाभ्यः (dákṣiṇābhyaḥ)
genitive	दक्षि॑णायाः (dákṣiṇāyāḥ) दक्षि॑णायै² (dákṣiṇāyai²)	दक्षि॑णयोः (dákṣiṇayoḥ)	दक्षि॑णानाम् (dákṣiṇānām)
locative	दक्षि॑णायाम् (dákṣiṇāyām)	दक्षि॑णयोः (dákṣiṇayoḥ)	दक्षि॑णासु (dákṣiṇāsu)
vocative	दक्षि॑णे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षि॑णे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षि॑णाः (dákṣiṇāḥ)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of दक्षि॑ण

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दक्षि॑णम् (dákṣiṇam)	दक्षि॑णे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षि॑णानि (dákṣiṇāni) दक्षि॑णा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)
accusative	दक्षि॑णम् (dákṣiṇam)	दक्षि॑णे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षि॑णानि (dákṣiṇāni) दक्षि॑णा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)
instrumental	दक्षि॑णेन (dákṣiṇena)	दक्षि॑णाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षि॑णैः (dákṣiṇaiḥ) दक्षि॑णेभिः¹ (dákṣiṇebhiḥ¹)
dative	दक्षि॑णाय (dákṣiṇāya)	दक्षि॑णाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षि॑णेभ्यः (dákṣiṇebhyaḥ)
ablative	दक्षि॑णात् (dákṣiṇāt)	दक्षि॑णाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षि॑णेभ्यः (dákṣiṇebhyaḥ)
genitive	दक्षि॑णस्य (dákṣiṇasya)	दक्षि॑णयोः (dákṣiṇayoḥ)	दक्षि॑णानाम् (dákṣiṇānām)
locative	दक्षि॑णे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षि॑णयोः (dákṣiṇayoḥ)	दक्षि॑णेषु (dákṣiṇeṣu)
vocative	दक्षि॑ण (dákṣiṇa)	दक्षि॑णे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षि॑णानि (dákṣiṇāni) दक्षि॑णा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Noun

दक्षि॑ण • (dákṣiṇa) stem, m

1. right (side)
2. south

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of दक्षि॑ण

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दक्षि॑णः (dákṣiṇaḥ)	दक्षि॑णौ (dákṣiṇau) दक्षि॑णा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)	दक्षि॑णाः (dákṣiṇāḥ) दक्षि॑णासः¹ (dákṣiṇāsaḥ¹)
accusative	दक्षि॑णम् (dákṣiṇam)	दक्षि॑णौ (dákṣiṇau) दक्षि॑णा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)	दक्षि॑णान् (dákṣiṇān)
instrumental	दक्षि॑णेन (dákṣiṇena)	दक्षि॑णाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षि॑णैः (dákṣiṇaiḥ) दक्षि॑णेभिः¹ (dákṣiṇebhiḥ¹)
dative	दक्षि॑णाय (dákṣiṇāya)	दक्षि॑णाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षि॑णेभ्यः (dákṣiṇebhyaḥ)
ablative	दक्षि॑णात् (dákṣiṇāt)	दक्षि॑णाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षि॑णेभ्यः (dákṣiṇebhyaḥ)
genitive	दक्षि॑णस्य (dákṣiṇasya)	दक्षि॑णयोः (dákṣiṇayoḥ)	दक्षि॑णानाम् (dákṣiṇānām)
locative	दक्षि॑णे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षि॑णयोः (dákṣiṇayoḥ)	दक्षि॑णेषु (dákṣiṇeṣu)
vocative	दक्षि॑ण (dákṣiṇa)	दक्षि॑णौ (dákṣiṇau) दक्षि॑णा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)	दक्षि॑णाः (dákṣiṇāḥ) दक्षि॑णासः¹ (dákṣiṇāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Coordinate terms

compass points:  ^[edit]

पश्चिमोत्तर (paścimottara)	उत्तर (uttara)	ईशान (īśāna)
पश्चिम (paścima)		पूर्व (pūrva)
दक्षिणपश्चिम (dakṣiṇapaścima)	दक्षिण (dakṣiṇa)	दक्षिणपूर्व (dakṣiṇapūrva)

Descendants

Inherited

• Dardic:
  • Kashmiric:
  • Kashmiri: دَکھیُٛن / दख्युन (“south”), دٔچھُن / दऺछुन (dạchun, “right”)
  • Kunar:
    • Dameli: [script needed] (dac̣hani)
  • Shina:
    • Dangari:
      • Palula: دیڇِھݨوۡ (deec̣híṇu)
    • Shina: [script needed] (dăc̣hiṇu)
      • Kohistani Shina: دشُݨُ
  • Pashayi:
    • Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (dōčin)
• Prakrit: 𑀤𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺𑀡 (dakkhiṇa), 𑀤𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀡 (dāhiṇa)
  • Central Indo-Aryan:
    • Hindustani:
      • Hindi: दक्खिन (dakkhin), दखिन (dakhin), दखन (dakhan), दक्खन (dakkhan)
        • → English: Deccan, Decan, Dekkan, Dekhan
          • →⇒ New Latin: deccanensis
      • Urdu: دَکّھِن (dakkhin)
  • Eastern Indo-Aryan:
    • Bengali-Assamese:
      • Assamese: দক্ষিণ (dokhin)
      • Bengali: দক্ষিণ (dokkhin)
      • Rohingya: doóin
    • Bihari:
      • Bhojpuri: दखिन (dakhin)
  • Insular Indo-Aryan:
    • Dhivehi: ދެކުނު (dekunu)
    • Sinhalese: දකුණු (dakuṇu)
  • Northern Indo-Aryan:
    • Garhwali: दक्खिन (dakkhin)
    • Nepali: दक्खिन (dakkhina)
  • Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
    • Old Punjabi: دکھن (dkhn /⁠dakkhiṇi⁠/)
      • Punjabi:

        Gurmukhi script: ਦੱਖਿਣ (dakkhiṇ), ਦੱਖਣ (dakkhaṇ)

        Shahmukhi script: دَکِّھݨ (dakkhiṇ)

    • Sindhi: डखिणु (ḍakhiṇu)
  • Southern Indo-Aryan:
    • Marathi: डाखीण (ḍākhīṇ, “south wind”)
  • Western Indo-Aryan:
    • Gujarati: દખણ (dakhaṇ)
• Pali: dakkhiṇa

Borrowed

• → Balinese: daksina
• → Hindi: दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ)
• → Gujarati: દક્ષિણ (dakṣiṇ)
• → Javanese: daksina
• → Kannada: ದಕ್ಷಿಣ (dakṣiṇa)
• → Khmer: ទក្សិណ (tĕəksən)
• → Karo Batak: daksina
• → Malayalam: ദക്ഷിണ (dakṣiṇa)
• → Marathi: दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ)
• → Nepali: दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ)
• → Odia: ଦକ୍ଷିଣ (dakṣiṇa)
• → Telugu: దక్షిణము (dakṣiṇamu)
• → Toba Batak: dangsina
• → Thai: ทักษิณ (ták-sǐn)

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899), “दक्षिण”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 465, column 2.
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “dákṣiṇa”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 349