दक्षिण

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit दक्षिण (dakṣiṇa), from Proto-Indo-European *deḱs- (“right (side)”). Doublet of दक्खिन (dakkhin).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /d̪ək.ʂɪɳ/, [d̪ɐk.ʃɪ̃ɳ]

Adjective

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling دکشن)

1. right
2. southern

Noun

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ) m (Urdu spelling دکشن)

1. right (side)
2. south

Declension

Declension of दक्षिण (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	दक्षिण dakṣiṇ	दक्षिण dakṣiṇ
oblique	दक्षिण dakṣiṇ	दक्षिणों dakṣiṇõ
vocative	दक्षिण dakṣiṇ	दक्षिणो dakṣiṇo

Coordinate terms

compass points:  ^[edit]

पश्चिमोत्तर (paścimottar)	उत्तर (uttar)	पूर्वोत्तर (pūrvottar)
पश्चिम (paścim)		पूर्व (pūrv)
दक्षिण-पश्चिम (dakṣiṇ-paścim)	दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ)	दक्षिण-पूर्व (dakṣiṇ-pūrv)

Marathi

दक्षिण दिशा

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit दक्षिण (dakṣiṇa), from Proto-Indo-European *deḱs- (“right (side)”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪ək.ʂiɳ/, [d̪ək.ʂiːɳ]

Adjective

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ)

1. southern

Noun

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ) f

1. south

See also

compass points: दिशा (diśā):  ^[edit]

वायव्य (vāyavya)	उत्तर (uttar)	ईशान्य (īśānya)
पश्चिम (paścim)		पूर्व (pūrva)
नैऋत्य (nairutya)	दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ)	आग्नेय (āgney)

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “दक्षिण”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies

Nepali

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit दक्षिण (dakṣiṇa).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [d̪ʌk̚t͡sʰjiɽ̃]
• Phonetic Devanagari: दछिण्
• IPA^(key): [d̪ʌk̚kʰin], [d̪ʌkt͡sʰĩɽ̃], [d̪ʌt̚t͡sʰiɽ̃]
• Phonetic Devanagari: दक्खिन्, or दक्छिंण्

Noun

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ)

1. south

Adjective

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ)

1. south

Further reading

• “दक्षिण”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎^[1], Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
• Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “दक्षिण”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• দক্ষিণ (Assamese script)
• ᬤᬓ᭄ᬱᬶᬡ (Balinese script)
• দক্ষিণ (Bengali script)
• 𑰟𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰰𑰜 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀤𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀺𑀡 (Brahmi script)
• ဒက္ၑိဏ (Burmese script)
• દક્ષિણ (Gujarati script)
• ਦਕ੍ਸ਼ਿਣ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌦𑌕𑍍𑌷𑌿𑌣 (Grantha script)
• ꦢꦏ꧀ꦰꦶꦟ (Javanese script)
• 𑂠𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂱𑂝 (Kaithi script)
• ದಕ್ಷಿಣ (Kannada script)
• ទក្ឞិណ (Khmer script)
• ທກ຺ຩິຓ (Lao script)
• ദക്ഷിണ (Malayalam script)
• ᡩᠠᡬᢢᡳᢏᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘟𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘱𑘜 (Modi script)
• ᢑᠠᢉᢔᠢᢏᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦿𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧒𑦼 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 (Newa script)
• ଦକ୍ଷିଣ (Odia script)
• ꢣꢒ꣄ꢰꢶꢠ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆢𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆴𑆟 (Sharada script)
• 𑖟𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖰𑖜 (Siddham script)
• දක්‍ෂිණ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩭𑩜 𑪙𑪀𑩑𑩪 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚛𑚊𑚶𑚮𑚘 (Takri script)
• த³க்ஷிண (Tamil script)
• దక్షిణ (Telugu script)
• ทกฺษิณ (Thai script)
• ད་ཀྵི་ཎ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒠𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒱𑒝 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨛𑨋𑩇𑨯𑨁𑨘 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dáćšinas (“right, righthand”), from Proto-Indo-European *déḱs-i-no-s, from *deḱs- (“right (side)”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬱𐬌𐬥𐬀 (dašina), Lithuanian dẽšinas, Serbo-Croatian дѐснӣ/dèsnī, Ancient Greek δεξιός (dexiós, “right”), Latin dexter (“right”), Gothic 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍅𐌰 (taihswa).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /dɐ́k.ʂi.ɳɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /d̪ɐk.ʂi.ɳɐ/

Adjective

दक्षिण • (dákṣiṇa) stem

1. right, righthand; located on the right
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 3.39.6:

     इन्द्रो॒ मधु॒ सम्भृ॑तमु॒स्रिया॑यां प॒द्वद्वि॑वेद श॒फव॒न्नमे॒ गोः।
     गुहा॑ हि॒तं गुह्यं॑ गू॒ळ्हम॒प्सु हस्ते॑ दधे॒ दक्षि॑णे॒ दक्षि॑णावान्॥

     índro mádhu sámbhṛtamusríyāyāṃ padvádviveda śaphávannáme góḥ.
     gúhā hitáṃ gúhyaṃ gūḷhámapsú háste dadhe dákṣiṇe dákṣiṇāvān.

     Indra discovered the sweet milk secreted in the cow, and thereupon, brought forth (from their concealment) the herd (of cattle) having feet and having hoofs; munificent (in gifts), he held in his right hand that which had been hidden in the cavern, which was concealed in the waters.

   • c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda
2. southern
   • c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) IV.5.11.2:

     नमो रुद्रेभ्यो ये पृथिव्यां ये ऽन्तरिक्षे ये दिवि येषाम् अन्नं वातो वर्षम् इषवस् तेभ्यो दश प्राचीर् दश दक्षिणा दश प्रतीचीर् दशोदीचीर् दशोर्ध्वास् तेभ्यो नमस् ते नो मृडयन्तु ते यं द्विष्मो यश् च नो द्वेष्टि तं वो जम्भे दधामि ॥

     namo rudrebhyo ye pṛthivyāṃ ye ʼntarikṣe ye divi yeṣām annaṃ vāto varṣam iṣavas tebhyo daśa prācīr daśa dakṣiṇā daśa pratīcīr daśodīcīr daśordhvās tebhyo namas te no mṛḍayantu te yaṃ dviṣmo yaś ca no dveṣṭi taṃ vo jambhe dadhāmi.

     Homage to the Rudras on the earth, in the atmosphere, in the sky, whose arrows are food, wind, and rain, to them ten eastwards, ten to the south, ten to the west, ten to the north, ten upwards; to them homage, be they merciful to us, him whom we hate and him who hateth us, I place him within your jaws.

   • c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of दक्षिण

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दक्षिणः (dákṣiṇaḥ)	दक्षिणौ (dákṣiṇau) दक्षिणा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)	दक्षिणाः (dákṣiṇāḥ) दक्षिणासः¹ (dákṣiṇāsaḥ¹)
accusative	दक्षिणम् (dákṣiṇam)	दक्षिणौ (dákṣiṇau) दक्षिणा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)	दक्षिणान् (dákṣiṇān)
instrumental	दक्षिणेन (dákṣiṇena)	दक्षिणाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षिणैः (dákṣiṇaiḥ) दक्षिणेभिः¹ (dákṣiṇebhiḥ¹)
dative	दक्षिणाय (dákṣiṇāya)	दक्षिणाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षिणेभ्यः (dákṣiṇebhyaḥ)
ablative	दक्षिणात् (dákṣiṇāt)	दक्षिणाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षिणेभ्यः (dákṣiṇebhyaḥ)
genitive	दक्षिणस्य (dákṣiṇasya)	दक्षिणयोः (dákṣiṇayoḥ)	दक्षिणानाम् (dákṣiṇānām)
locative	दक्षिणे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षिणयोः (dákṣiṇayoḥ)	दक्षिणेषु (dákṣiṇeṣu)
vocative	दक्षिण (dákṣiṇa)	दक्षिणौ (dákṣiṇau) दक्षिणा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)	दक्षिणाः (dákṣiṇāḥ) दक्षिणासः¹ (dákṣiṇāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of दक्षिणा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दक्षिणा (dákṣiṇā)	दक्षिणे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षिणाः (dákṣiṇāḥ)
accusative	दक्षिणाम् (dákṣiṇām)	दक्षिणे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षिणाः (dákṣiṇāḥ)
instrumental	दक्षिणया (dákṣiṇayā) दक्षिणा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)	दक्षिणाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षिणाभिः (dákṣiṇābhiḥ)
dative	दक्षिणायै (dákṣiṇāyai)	दक्षिणाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षिणाभ्यः (dákṣiṇābhyaḥ)
ablative	दक्षिणायाः (dákṣiṇāyāḥ) दक्षिणायै² (dákṣiṇāyai²)	दक्षिणाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षिणाभ्यः (dákṣiṇābhyaḥ)
genitive	दक्षिणायाः (dákṣiṇāyāḥ) दक्षिणायै² (dákṣiṇāyai²)	दक्षिणयोः (dákṣiṇayoḥ)	दक्षिणानाम् (dákṣiṇānām)
locative	दक्षिणायाम् (dákṣiṇāyām)	दक्षिणयोः (dákṣiṇayoḥ)	दक्षिणासु (dákṣiṇāsu)
vocative	दक्षिणे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षिणे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षिणाः (dákṣiṇāḥ)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of दक्षिण

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दक्षिणम् (dákṣiṇam)	दक्षिणे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षिणानि (dákṣiṇāni) दक्षिणा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)
accusative	दक्षिणम् (dákṣiṇam)	दक्षिणे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षिणानि (dákṣiṇāni) दक्षिणा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)
instrumental	दक्षिणेन (dákṣiṇena)	दक्षिणाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षिणैः (dákṣiṇaiḥ) दक्षिणेभिः¹ (dákṣiṇebhiḥ¹)
dative	दक्षिणाय (dákṣiṇāya)	दक्षिणाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षिणेभ्यः (dákṣiṇebhyaḥ)
ablative	दक्षिणात् (dákṣiṇāt)	दक्षिणाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षिणेभ्यः (dákṣiṇebhyaḥ)
genitive	दक्षिणस्य (dákṣiṇasya)	दक्षिणयोः (dákṣiṇayoḥ)	दक्षिणानाम् (dákṣiṇānām)
locative	दक्षिणे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षिणयोः (dákṣiṇayoḥ)	दक्षिणेषु (dákṣiṇeṣu)
vocative	दक्षिण (dákṣiṇa)	दक्षिणे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षिणानि (dákṣiṇāni) दक्षिणा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Noun

दक्षिण • (dákṣiṇa) stem, m

1. right (side)
2. south

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of दक्षिण

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दक्षिणः (dákṣiṇaḥ)	दक्षिणौ (dákṣiṇau) दक्षिणा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)	दक्षिणाः (dákṣiṇāḥ) दक्षिणासः¹ (dákṣiṇāsaḥ¹)
accusative	दक्षिणम् (dákṣiṇam)	दक्षिणौ (dákṣiṇau) दक्षिणा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)	दक्षिणान् (dákṣiṇān)
instrumental	दक्षिणेन (dákṣiṇena)	दक्षिणाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षिणैः (dákṣiṇaiḥ) दक्षिणेभिः¹ (dákṣiṇebhiḥ¹)
dative	दक्षिणाय (dákṣiṇāya)	दक्षिणाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षिणेभ्यः (dákṣiṇebhyaḥ)
ablative	दक्षिणात् (dákṣiṇāt)	दक्षिणाभ्याम् (dákṣiṇābhyām)	दक्षिणेभ्यः (dákṣiṇebhyaḥ)
genitive	दक्षिणस्य (dákṣiṇasya)	दक्षिणयोः (dákṣiṇayoḥ)	दक्षिणानाम् (dákṣiṇānām)
locative	दक्षिणे (dákṣiṇe)	दक्षिणयोः (dákṣiṇayoḥ)	दक्षिणेषु (dákṣiṇeṣu)
vocative	दक्षिण (dákṣiṇa)	दक्षिणौ (dákṣiṇau) दक्षिणा¹ (dákṣiṇā¹)	दक्षिणाः (dákṣiṇāḥ) दक्षिणासः¹ (dákṣiṇāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Coordinate terms

compass points:  ^[edit]

पश्चिमोत्तर (paścimottara)	उत्तर (uttara)	ईशान (īśāna)
पश्चिम (paścima)		पूर्व (pūrva)
दक्षिणपश्चिम (dakṣiṇapaścima)	दक्षिण (dakṣiṇa)	दक्षिणपूर्व (dakṣiṇapūrva)

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Dameli: [script needed] (dac̣hani)
  • Kashmiri: دَکھیُٛن (“south”), दख्युन (“south”), دٔچھُن (dạchun, “right”), दऺछुन (“right”)
  • Kohistani Shina: دشُݨُ
  • Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (dōčin)
  • Phalura: [script needed] (dec̣hiṇi)
  • Shina: [script needed] (dăc̣hiṇu)
• Helu Prakrit:
  • Dhivehi: ދެކުނު (dekunu)
  • Sinhalese: දකුණු (dakuṇu)
• Khasa Prakrit:
  • Nepali: दक्खिन (dakkhina)
• Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀤𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺𑀡 (dakkhiṇa)
  • Assamese: দক্ষিণ (dokhin)
  • Bengali: দক্ষিণ (dokkhin)
  • Bihari:
    • Bhojpuri: दखिन (dakhin)
  • Rohingya: doóin
• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀤𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺𑀡 (dakkhiṇa)
  • Marathi: डाखीण (ḍākhīṇ, “south wind”)
• Paisaci Prakrit:
  • Punjabi: ਦੱਖਣ (dakkhaṇ)
  • Sindhi: डखिणु (ḍakhiṇu)
• Pali: dakkhiṇa
• Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀤𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺𑀡 (dakkhiṇa)
  • Garhwali: दक्खिन (dakkhin)
  • Gujarati: દખણ (dakhaṇ)
  • Hindustani:

    Hindi: दक्खिन (dakkhin)

    • → English: Deccan

Borrowed terms

• → Balinese: ᬤᬓ᭄ᬱᬶᬡ
• → Hindi: दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ)
• → Gujarati: દક્ષિણ (dakṣiṇ)
• → Javanese: ꦢꦏ꧀ꦱꦶꦤ (daksina)
• → Kannada: ದಕ್ಷಿಣ (dakṣiṇa)
• → Khmer: ទក្សិណ (tĕəksən)
• → Karo Batak: daksina
• → Malayalam: ദക്ഷിണ (dakṣiṇa)
• → Marathi: दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ)
• → Nepali: दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ)
• → Odia: ଦକ୍ଷିଣ (dakshiṇa)
• → Telugu: దక్షిణము (dakṣiṇamu)
• → Toba Batak: dangsina
• → Thai: ทักษิณ (ták-sǐn)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “दक्षिण”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 465/2.
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “dákṣiṇa”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 690-691