निद्रा

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit निद्रा (nidrā). Doublet of नींद (nīnd).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /nɪd̪.ɾɑː/, [nɪd̪.ɾäː]

Noun

निद्रा • (nidrā) f

1. sleep; drowsiness

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:नींद

Declension

Declension of निद्रा (fem ā-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	निद्रा nidrā	निद्राएँ nidrāẽ
oblique	निद्रा nidrā	निद्राओं nidrāõ
vocative	निद्रा nidrā	निद्राओ nidrāo

References

• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “निद्रा”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. “Sea of Hindi words”] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha, page 2622
• Caturvedi, Mahendra; Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970), “निद्रा”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House, page 367
• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “निद्रा”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press, page 561
• Bahri, Hardev (1989), “निद्रा”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons, page 349.

Marathi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit निद्रा (nidrā). Doublet of नीद (nīd). Cognate with Hindi निद्रा (nidrā).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /nid̪.ɾa/

Noun

निद्रा • (nidrā) f (formal)

1. sleep, drowsiness

   Synonyms: झोप (jhop) (standard), नीद (nīd)

Declension

Declension of निद्रा (fem ā-stem)

	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	निद्रा nidrā	निद्रा nidrā
oblique सामान्यरूप	निद्रे nidre	निद्रां- nidrāṁ
accusative / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	निद्रेला nidrelā	निद्रांना nidrāṁnā
ergative	निद्रेने, निद्रेनं nidrene, nidrena	निद्रांनी nidrāṁnī
instrumental	निद्रेशी nidreśī	निद्रांशी nidrāṁśī
locative सप्तमी	निद्रेत nidret	निद्रांत nidrāṁta
vocative संबोधन	निद्रे nidre	निद्रांनो nidrāṁno

Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions.
There is no space between the stem and the postposition.
Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of निद्रा (fem ā-stem)

	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	निद्रेचा nidrecā	निद्रेचे nidrece	निद्रेची nidrecī	निद्रेच्या nidrecyā	निद्रेचे, निद्रेचं nidrece, nidreca	निद्रेची nidrecī	निद्रेच्या nidrecyā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	निद्रांचा nidrāṁcā	निद्रांचे nidrāṁce	निद्रांची nidrāṁcī	निद्रांच्या nidrāṁcyā	निद्रांचे, निद्रांचं nidrāṁce, nidrāṁca	निद्रांची nidrāṁcī	निद्रांच्या nidrāṁcyā

^* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a).
Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Derived terms

• निद्रानाश (nidrānāś, “insomnia”)

References

• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857), “निद्रा”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
• Shankar Gopal Tulpule; Anne Feldhaus (1999), “निद्रा”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “nidrāˊ”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

Nepali

Alternative forms

• निन्द्रा (nindrā)

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit निद्रा (nidrā). Doublet of नीद (nīd).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [nid̪rä]
• Phonetic Devanagari: निद्रा

Noun

निद्रा • (nidrā) f

1. sleep

   Synonym: नीद (nīd)

References

• “निद्रा”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎^[1], Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
• Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993), “निद्रा”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• নিদ্ৰা (Assamese script)
• ᬦᬶᬤ᭄ᬭᬵ (Balinese script)
• নিদ্রা (Bengali script)
• 𑰡𑰰𑰟𑰿𑰨𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀦𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀭𑀸 (Brahmi script)
• နိဒြာ (Burmese script)
• નિદ્રા (Gujarati script)
• ਨਿਦ੍ਰਾ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌨𑌿𑌦𑍍𑌰𑌾 (Grantha script)
• ꦤꦶꦢꦿꦴ (Javanese script)
• 𑂢𑂱𑂠𑂹𑂩𑂰 (Kaithi script)
• ನಿದ್ರಾ (Kannada script)
• និទ្រា (Khmer script)
• ນິທ຺ຣາ (Lao script)
• നിദ്രാ (Malayalam script)
• ᠨᡳᡩᡵᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
• 𑘡𑘱𑘟𑘿𑘨𑘰 (Modi script)
• ᠨᠢᢑᠷᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧁𑧒𑦿𑧠𑧈𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐣𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐬𑐵 (Newa script)
• ନିଦ୍ରା (Odia script)
• ꢥꢶꢣ꣄ꢬꢵ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆤𑆴𑆢𑇀𑆫𑆳 (Sharada script)
• 𑖡𑖰𑖟𑖿𑖨𑖯 (Siddham script)
• නිද්‍රා (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩯𑩑𑩭 𑪙𑩼𑩛 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚝𑚮𑚛𑚶𑚤𑚭 (Takri script)
• நித்³ரா (Tamil script)
• నిద్రా (Telugu script)
• นิทฺรา (Thai script)
• ནི་དྲཱ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒢𑒱𑒠𑓂𑒩𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨝𑨁𑨛𑩇𑨫𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁en-?

Proto-Indo-European *ní

Proto-Indo-European *dreh₂-

Proto-Indo-European *ni-dréh₂

Proto-Indo-Iranian *nidráH

Proto-Indo-Aryan *nidráH

Sanskrit नि॒द्रा

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *nidráH (“sleep”), from Proto-Indo-European *ni-dréh₂, from *ní (“down”) + *dreh₂- (“to sleep”), a variant of *drem-. Compare Old Armenian նիրհ (nirh) (a borrowing from Iranian), Ancient Greek δαρθάνω (darthánō), Latin dormiō. See also नि (ní) and द्रायति (drā́yati).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /nid.ɾɑ́ː/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /n̪id̪.ɾɑː/

Noun

नि॒द्रा • (nidrā́) stem, f

1. sleep, slumber
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 8.48.14:

     त्राता॑रो देवा॒ अधि॑ वोचता नो॒ मा नो॑ नि॒द्रा ई॑शत॒ मोत जल्पिः॑।
     व॒यं सोम॑स्य वि॒श्वह॑ प्रि॒यासः॑ सु॒वीरा॑सो वि॒दथ॒मा व॑देम॥

     trā́tāro devā ádhi vocatā no mā́ no nidrā́ īśata mótá jálpiḥ.
     vayáṃ sómasya viśváha priyā́saḥ suvī́rāso vidáthamā́ vadema.

     Give us your blessing, O ye Gods’ preservers. Never may sleep or idle talk control us.
     But evermore may we, as friends of Soma, speak to the synod with brave sons around us.

Declension

Feminine ā-stem declension of नि॒द्रा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	नि॒द्रा (nidrā́) नि॒द्राः¹ (nidrā́ḥ¹)	नि॒द्रे (nidré)	नि॒द्राः (nidrā́ḥ)
accusative	नि॒द्राम् (nidrā́m)	नि॒द्रे (nidré)	नि॒द्राः (nidrā́ḥ)
instrumental	नि॒द्रया॑ (nidráyā) नि॒द्रा² (nidrā́²)	नि॒द्राभ्या॑म् (nidrā́bhyām)	नि॒द्राभिः॑ (nidrā́bhiḥ)
dative	नि॒द्रायै॑ (nidrā́yai)	नि॒द्राभ्या॑म् (nidrā́bhyām)	नि॒द्राभ्यः॑ (nidrā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	नि॒द्रायाः॑ (nidrā́yāḥ) नि॒द्रायै॑³ (nidrā́yai³)	नि॒द्राभ्या॑म् (nidrā́bhyām)	नि॒द्राभ्यः॑ (nidrā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	नि॒द्रायाः॑ (nidrā́yāḥ) नि॒द्रायै॑³ (nidrā́yai³)	नि॒द्रयोः॑ (nidráyoḥ)	नि॒द्राणा॑म् (nidrā́ṇām)
locative	नि॒द्राया॑म् (nidrā́yām)	नि॒द्रयोः॑ (nidráyoḥ)	नि॒द्रासु॑ (nidrā́su)
vocative	निद्रे॑ (nídre)	निद्रे॑ (nídre)	निद्राः॑ (nídrāḥ)

• ¹Vedic remnant of root declension
• ²Vedic
• ³Brāhmaṇas

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Kohistani:
    • Torwali: نین (nīn)
  • Shinaic:
    • Kalkoti: niin
• Pali: niddā
• Prakrit: 𑀡𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀤𑀸 (ṇiddā) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed terms

• → Hindi: निद्रा (nidrā)
• → Kannada: ನಿದ್ರೆ (nidre)
• → Marathi: निद्रा (nidrā)
• → Tamil: நித்திரை (nittirai)
• → Thai: นิทรา (nít-traa)

Root

निद्रा • (nidrā)

1. to sleep

Derived terms

Primary verbal forms

• निद्राति (nidrāti, present)
• निद्रायति (nidrāyati, present)

Non-finite forms

• निद्रातुम् (nidrātum, infinitive)

Category Sanskrit terms belonging to the root निद्रा not found

Terms derived from the Sanskrit root निद्रा (4 c, 0 e)

References

• Monier Williams (1899), “निद्रा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 548, column 2.
• Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2026), “nidrā”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “nidrā́”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 411