शिंशुमार
Sanskrit
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- शिशुमार (śiśumāra) — Epic Sanskrit, Classical Sanskrit
- शुंशुमार (śuṃśumāra)
- शिंशुक (śiṃśuka), शिशुक (śiśuka) — Classical Sanskrit
- शुशुका (śuśukā) — Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
- शि॒शूल॑ (śiśū́la) — Vedic
Alternative scripts
[edit]Alternative scripts
- শিংশুমাৰ (Assamese script)
- ᬰᬶᬂᬰᬸᬫᬵᬭ (Balinese script)
- শিংশুমার (Bengali script)
- 𑰫𑰰𑰽𑰫𑰲𑰦𑰯𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀰𑀺𑀁𑀰𑀼𑀫𑀸𑀭 (Brahmi script)
- ၐိံၐုမာရ (Burmese script)
- શિંશુમાર (Gujarati script)
- ਸ਼ਿਂਸ਼ੁਮਾਰ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌶𑌿𑌂𑌶𑍁𑌮𑌾𑌰 (Grantha script)
- ꦯꦶꦁꦯꦸꦩꦴꦫ (Javanese script)
- 𑂬𑂱𑂁𑂬𑂳𑂧𑂰𑂩 (Kaithi script)
- ಶಿಂಶುಮಾರ (Kannada script)
- ឝិំឝុមារ (Khmer script)
- ຨິໍຨຸມາຣ (Lao script)
- ശിംശുമാര (Malayalam script)
- ᢀ᠋ᡧᡳᡧᡠᠮᠠ᠊ᠠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘫𑘱𑘽𑘫𑘳𑘦𑘰𑘨 (Modi script)
- ᢀ᠋ᠱᠢᠱᠤᠮᠠᢗᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧋𑧒𑧞𑧋𑧔𑧆𑧑𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐱𑐶𑑄𑐱𑐸𑐩𑐵𑐬 (Newa script)
- ଶିଂଶୁମାର (Odia script)
- ꢯꢶꢀꢯꢸꢪꢵꢬ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆯𑆴𑆁𑆯𑆶𑆩𑆳𑆫 (Sharada script)
- 𑖫𑖰𑖽𑖫𑖲𑖦𑖯𑖨 (Siddham script)
- ශිංශුමාර (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩿𑩑𑪖𑩿𑩒𑩴𑩛𑩼 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚧𑚮𑚫𑚧𑚰𑚢𑚭𑚤 (Takri script)
- ஶிஂஶுமார (Tamil script)
- శింశుమార (Telugu script)
- ศิํศุมาร (Thai script)
- ཤིཾ་ཤུ་མཱ་ར (Tibetan script)
- 𑒬𑒱𑓀𑒬𑒳𑒧𑒰𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨮𑨁𑨸𑨮𑨃𑨢𑨊𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
[edit]Unknown; probably borrowed from substrate.[1][2]
The following hypotheses have been put forth:
- Lüders' proposal relating -मार॑ (-mā́ra) to मक॑र (mákara, “sea monster, crocodile”); rejected by Mayrhofer.
- Thieme's derivation from शिशुम् (śiśum, “child”, acc.sg) + *आर (*āra) (related to Latin alere (“to raise, nourish”)); rejected by Edgerton,[3] Mayrhofer, and Turner. But note Thieme's response offering additional evidence for the root अर् (ar) ~ अल् (al, “to satisfy”).[4]
- Some relationship with Tamil கிஞ்சுமாரம் (kiñcumāram), கிஞ்சுமம் (kiñcumam), கிஞ்சி (kiñci, “crocodile”); tentatively listed by Mayrhofer.
In later Sanskrit, the term was folk-etymologically modified to शिशु (śiśu, “baby, infant”) + मार (māra, “killing”), literally “baby-killer”.[5]
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]शिं॒शु॒मार॑ • (śiṃśumā́ra) stem, m[6] (Vedic)
- South Asian river dolphin (Platanistidae spp.)
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.116.18:
- यदया॑तं॒ दिवो॑दासाय व॒र्तिर्भ॒रद्वा॑जायाश्विना॒ हय॑न्ता ।
रे॒वदु॑वाह सच॒नो रथो॑ वां वृष॒भश्च॑ शिंशु॒मार॑श्च यु॒क्ता ॥- yádáyātaṃ dívodāsāya vartírbharádvājāyāśvinā háyantā.
reváduvāha sacanó rátho vāṃ vṛṣabháśca śiṃśumā́raśca yuktā́.
- 1890 translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith
- When to his house ye came, to Divodâsa, hasting to Bharadvâja, O ye Aṣvins, The car that came with you brought splendid riches: a porpoise and a bull were yoked together.
- yádáyātaṃ dívodāsāya vartírbharádvājāyāśvinā háyantā.
- यदया॑तं॒ दिवो॑दासाय व॒र्तिर्भ॒रद्वा॑जायाश्विना॒ हय॑न्ता ।
- mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris)
Declension
[edit]| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | शिंशु॒मारः॑ (śíṃśumā́raḥ) | शिंशु॒मारौ॑ (śíṃśumā́rau) शिंशु॒मारा॑¹ (śíṃśumā́rā¹) |
शिंशु॒माराः॑ (śíṃśumā́rāḥ) शिंशु॒मारा॑सः¹ (śíṃśumā́rāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | शिंशु॒मार॑म् (śíṃśumā́ram) | शिंशु॒मारौ॑ (śíṃśumā́rau) शिंशु॒मारा॑¹ (śíṃśumā́rā¹) |
शिंशु॒मारा॑न् (śíṃśumā́rān) |
| instrumental | शिंशु॒मारे॑ण (śíṃśumā́reṇa) | शिंशु॒मारा॑भ्याम् (śíṃśumā́rābhyām) | शिंशु॒मारैः॑ (śíṃśumā́raiḥ) शिंशु॒मारे॑भिः¹ (śíṃśumā́rebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | शिंशु॒मारा॑य (śíṃśumā́rāya) | शिंशु॒मारा॑भ्याम् (śíṃśumā́rābhyām) | शिंशु॒मारे॑भ्यः (śíṃśumā́rebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | शिंशु॒मारा॑त् (śíṃśumā́rāt) | शिंशु॒मारा॑भ्याम् (śíṃśumā́rābhyām) | शिंशु॒मारे॑भ्यः (śíṃśumā́rebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | शिंशु॒मार॑स्य (śíṃśumā́rasya) | शिंशु॒मार॑योः (śíṃśumā́rayoḥ) | शिंशु॒मारा॑णाम् (śíṃśumā́rāṇām) |
| locative | शिंशु॒मारे॑ (śíṃśumā́re) | शिंशु॒मार॑योः (śíṃśumā́rayoḥ) | शिंशु॒मारे॑षु (śíṃśumā́reṣu) |
| vocative | शिंशु॑मार (śíṃśumāra) | शिंशु॑मारौ (śíṃśumārau) शिंशु॑मारा¹ (śíṃśumārā¹) |
शिंशु॑माराः (śíṃśumārāḥ) शिंशु॑मारासः¹ (śíṃśumārāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
[edit]- Pali: suṁsumāra
- Prakrit: 𑀲𑀼𑀁𑀲𑀼𑀫𑀸𑀭 (suṃsumāra), 𑀲𑀼𑀲𑀼𑀫𑀸𑀭 (susumāra) (see there for further descendants)
References
[edit]- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1976), “śíśumā́raḥ”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][1] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 346
- ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “śiṁśumā́ra”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 720
- ^ Edgerton, Franklin (1959), “Review of Altindische Grammatik; Introduction générale; Nachträge zu Band I, (and) zu Band II. 1; Nachträge zum Abkürzungsverzeichnis von Band II. 2, by J. Wackernagel, L. Renou, & A. Debrunner”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society[2], volume 79, number 1, page 45
- ^ Thieme, Paul (1994), “On M. Mayrhofer's "Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen"”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London[3], volume 57, number 2, pages 321–328
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “śiśumā́ra-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][4] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 641
- ^ Monier Williams (1899), “शिंशुमार”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1069.
Further reading
[edit]- Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2026), “śiṃśumāra”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.
Categories:
- Sanskrit terms with unknown etymologies
- Sanskrit terms borrowed from substrate languages
- Sanskrit terms derived from substrate languages
- Sanskrit terms with IPA pronunciation
- Sanskrit lemmas
- Sanskrit nouns
- Sanskrit nouns in Devanagari script
- Sanskrit masculine nouns
- Vedic Sanskrit
- Sanskrit terms with quotations
- Sanskrit a-stem nouns
- sa:Cetaceans
- sa:Crocodilians