स

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See also: म, स़, से, सु-, and स-

स U+0938, स
DEVANAGARI LETTER SA
← ष
[U+0937] 		Devanagari ह →
[U+0939]

Translingual[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /sə/ (may vary by language)

Letter[edit]

स (sa)

  1. The third sibilant of the Devanagari script. Linguistically it is considered an alveolar sibilant.

See also[edit]

Ligatures:

Dhivehi[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

स • (sa)

  1. The seventeenth consonant in Dhivehi, written in Devanagari

Hindi[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (Delhi Hindi) IPA(key): /sə/, [s̪ə]

Letter[edit]

स • (sa)

  1. the thirty-second consonant in Hindi
  2. (music) the first note of the Hindi musical scale

See also[edit]

Konkani[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Sanskrit षष् (ṣáṣ), from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱs (“six”). Cognate with Hindi छह (chah), Marathi सहा (sahā).

Numeral[edit]

स • (sa/so) (Latin script sov, Kannada script ಸ)

  1. six

Marathi[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /sə/
  • Audio(file)

Letter[edit]

स • (sa)

  1. The thirty-first consonant in Marathi.

Nepali[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

स • (sa)

  1. The thirty-second consonant in Nepali.

Pali[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Alternative forms
Alternative forms

Pronoun[edit]

स (sa)

  1. Devanagari script form of sa

Adjective[edit]

स (sa)

  1. Devanagari script form of sa, which is masculine nominative singular of त (ta, “that”)

Noun[edit]

स (sa)

  1. Devanagari script form of sa, which is vocative singular of सन् (san, “dog”)

Sanskrit[edit]

Alternative scripts[edit]

Alternative scripts
  • ᬲ (Balinese script)
  • স (Assamese script)
  • স (Bengali script)
  • 𑰭 (Bhaiksuki script)
  • 𑀲 (Brahmi script)
  • 𑌸 (Grantha script)
  • સ (Gujarati script)
  • ਸ (Gurmukhi script)
  • ꦱ (Javanese script)
  • ស (Khmer script)
  • ಸ (Kannada script)
  • ສ (Lao script)
  • സ (Malayalam script)
  • 𑘭 (Modi script)
  • ᠰᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
  • ᠰᠠ (Manchu script)
  • သ (Burmese script)
  • 𑧍 (Nandinagari script)
  • 𑐳 (Newa script)
  • ସ (Odia script)
  • ꢱ (Saurashtra script)
  • 𑆱 (Sharada script)
  • 𑖭 (Siddham script)
  • ස (Sinhalese script)
  • స (Telugu script)
  • ส (Thai script)
  • ས (Tibetan script)
  • 𑒮 (Tirhuta script)

Etymology 1[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

स • (sa)

  1. the last of the three sibilants, /s/

Etymology 2[edit]

Noun[edit]

स • (sá) root form, ?

  1. (prosody) an anapest

Etymology 3[edit]

Noun[edit]

स • (sá) root form, ?

  1. (music) Abbreviation of षड्ज (ṣaḍ-ja).

Etymology 4[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun[edit]

स • (sá) root form, m

  1. a snake
  2. air, wind
  3. a bird
  4. name of Vishnu or Shiva
Declension[edit]
Masculine a-stem declension of स (sá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative सः
sáḥ 		सौ
saú 		साः / सासः¹
sā́ḥ / sā́saḥ¹
Vocative स
sá 		सौ
saú 		साः / सासः¹
sā́ḥ / sā́saḥ¹
Accusative सम्
sám 		सौ
saú 		सान्
sā́n
Instrumental सेन
séna 		साभ्याम्
sā́bhyām 		सैः / सेभिः¹
saíḥ / sébhiḥ¹
Dative साय
sā́ya 		साभ्याम्
sā́bhyām 		सेभ्यः
sébhyaḥ
Ablative सात्
sā́t 		साभ्याम्
sā́bhyām 		सेभ्यः
sébhyaḥ
Genitive सस्य
sásya 		सयोः
sáyoḥ 		सानाम्
sā́nām
Locative से
sé 		सयोः
sáyoḥ 		सेषु
séṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic

Noun[edit]

स • (sa) root form, n

  1. knowledge
  2. meditation
  3. a carriage road
  4. a fence
Declension[edit]
Neuter a-stem declension of स (sá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative सम्
sám 		से
sé 		सानि / सा¹
sā́ni / sā́¹
Vocative स
sá 		से
sé 		सानि / सा¹
sā́ni / sā́¹
Accusative सम्
sám 		से
sé 		सानि / सा¹
sā́ni / sā́¹
Instrumental सेन
séna 		साभ्याम्
sā́bhyām 		सैः / सेभिः¹
saíḥ / sébhiḥ¹
Dative साय
sā́ya 		साभ्याम्
sā́bhyām 		सेभ्यः
sébhyaḥ
Ablative सात्
sā́t 		साभ्याम्
sā́bhyām 		सेभ्यः
sébhyaḥ
Genitive सस्य
sásya 		सयोः
sáyoḥ 		सानाम्
sā́nām
Locative से
sé 		सयोः
sáyoḥ 		सेषु
séṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic

Etymology 5[edit]

From the root √सन् (√san, “to procure, bestow, give, distribute”).

Adjective[edit]

स • (sá)

  1. procuring, bestowing (only at the end of a compound)
    पशुष (paśu-ṣá) — bestowing cattle
    प्रियस (priyá-sá) — granting desired objects

Etymology 6[edit]

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *sá, *sáH, *tád, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sá, *sáH, *tád, from Proto-Indo-European *só, *séh₂, *tód. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὁ (ho), ἡ (hē), τό (tó), Old Church Slavonic тъ (tŭ), та (ta), то (to), Old English se (whence English the). Compare also the suppletive-stem feminine and neuter forms सा (sā́), तद् (tád).

Pronoun[edit]

स • (sá) m

  1. (distal, 3rd person pronoun) he
  2. (masculine) that
Usage notes[edit]

The final s of the nominative m sás is dropped before all consonants (except before /p/ in RV. v, 2, 4, and before /t/ in RV. viii, 33, 16) and appears only at the end of a sentence in the form of visarga. sa occasionally blends with another vowel (as in saī*ṣaḥ) and it is often for emphasis connected with another pronoun as with अहम् (aham), त्वम् (tvam), एष (eṣa), अयम् (ayam) etc.

सो ऽहम्स त्वम् ― so ʼhamsa tvam ― I (or thou) that very person; cf. under तद् (tád)

The verb then following in the 1st and 2nd person even if aham or tvam be omitted

स त्वा पृच्छामि ― sa tvā pṛcchāmi ― I that very person ask you
स वै नो ब्रूहि ― sa vai no brūhi ― do thou tell us

Similarly, to denote emphasis, with भवान् (bhavān)

स भावन् विजयाय प्रतिष्ठताम् ― sa bhāvan vijayāya pratiṣṭhatām ― let your Highness set out for victory

It sometimes (and frequently in the Brāhmaṇas) stands as the first word of a sentence preceding a relatve pronoun or adverb such as य (ya), यद् (yad), यदि (yadi), यथा (yathā), चेद् (ce*d); in this position sa may be used pleonastically or as a kind of indeclinable, even where another gender or number is required

स यदि स्थावरा आपो भनन्ति ― sa yadi sthāvarā āpo bhananti ― if those waters are stagnant

In the Sāṃkhya sa, like एष (eṣa), क (ka), and य (ya), is used to denote पुरुष (puruṣa), "the Universal Soul".

The locative singular form सस्मिन् (sasmin) is primarily used in the Rigveda.

Declension[edit]
Declension of स
Nom. sg. सः, स (saḥ, sa)
Gen. sg. तस्य (tasya)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative सः, स (saḥ, sa) तौ (tau) ते (te)
Vocative — — —
Accusative तम् (tam) तौ (tau) तान् (tān)
Instrumental तेन (tena) ताभ्याम् (tābhyām) तैः (taiḥ)
Dative तस्मै (tasmai) ताभ्याम् (tābhyām) तेभ्यः (tebhyaḥ)
Ablative तस्मात्, ततः (tasmāt, tataḥ) ताभ्याम् , ततः (tābhyām , tataḥ) तेभ्यः, ततः (tebhyaḥ, tataḥ)
Genitive तस्य (tasya) तयोः (tayoḥ) तेषाम् (teṣām)
Locative तस्मिन्, सस्मिन् (tasmin, sasmin) तयोः (tayoḥ) तेषु (teṣu)
Descendants[edit]
  • Garhwali: सु (su)
  • Mandeali: से (se)
  • Kashmiri: سُہ‎ (suh)
  • Pali: so, sa (rare)
  • Prakrit: 𑀲𑁄 (so)

Etymology 7[edit]

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥- (“whole, all, together (with)”), from the root *sem-.

Prefix[edit]

स • (sa)

  2. an inseparable prefix expressing "junction", "conjunction", "possession" (as opposed to a privative), "similarity", "equality"
  3. when compounded with nouns to form adjectives and adverbs it may be translated by "with", "together or along with", "accompanied by", "added to", "having", "possessing", "containing", "having the same"
    सकोप (sa-kopa) — full of anger, enraged, displeased
    साग्नि (sā*gni) — together with the fire
    सभार्य (sa-bhārya) — with a wife, having a wife
    सद्रोण (sa-droṇa) — with a droṇa added to a droṇa
    सधर्मन् (sa-dharman) — having the same duties
    सवर्ण (sa-varṇa) — having the same colour or appearance, similar, like
  4. "-ly"
    सकोपम् (sa-kopam) — angrily
    सोपधि (so*padhi) — fraudulently
Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

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