ἔρδω

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *wérďō, from Proto-Indo-European *wérǵ-ye-, a *ye-present from the root *werǵ-, the same root as ῥέζω (rhézō) and ἔργον (érgon).

Cognates include Mycenaean Greek 𐀺𐀽𐀁 (wo-ze-e), 𐀺𐀿 (wo-zo), Albanian vërdhoj (work without resting) etc.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ér.dɔː/ → /ˈer.ðo/ → /ˈer.ðo/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ér.dɔː/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈer.do/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈer.ðo/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈer.ðo/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈer.ðo/

Verb

ἔρδω • (érdō) (poetic)

1. (intransitive) to act (as opposed to speaking or being acted on)
2. (transitive) to do, perform
   • 460 BCE – 430 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.38.3:

     Δαρεῖος ἐπὶ τῆς ἑωυτοῦ ἀρχῆς καλέσας Ἑλλήνων τοὺς παρεόντας εἴρετο ἐπὶ κόσῳ ἂν χρήματι βουλοίατο τοὺς πατέρας ἀποθνήσκοντας κατασιτέεσθαι· οἳ δὲ ἐπ’ οὐδενὶ ἔφασαν ἔρδειν ἂν τοῦτο.

     Dareîos epì tês heōutoû arkhês kalésas Hellḗnōn toùs pareóntas eíreto epì kósōi àn khrḗmati bouloíato toùs patéras apothnḗskontas katasitéesthai; hoì dè ep’ oudenì éphasan érdein àn toûto.

     • Translation by George Rawlinson

       Darius, after he had got the kingdom, called into his presence certain Greeks who were at hand, and asked- "What he should pay them to eat the bodies of their fathers when they died?" To which they answered, that there was no sum that would tempt them to do such a thing.

   1. to perform sacrifices
3. (transitive) to do something to someone (with two accusatives)

Inflection

   Present: ἔρδω

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἔρδω	ἔρδεις	ἔρδει	ἔρδετον	ἔρδετον	ἔρδομεν	ἔρδετε	ἔρδουσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ἔρδω	ἔρδῃς	ἔρδῃ	ἔρδητον	ἔρδητον	ἔρδωμεν	ἔρδητε	ἔρδωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἔρδοιμῐ	ἔρδοις	ἔρδοι	ἔρδοιτον	ἐρδοίτην	ἔρδοιμεν	ἔρδοιτε	ἔρδοιεν
	imperative		ἔρδε	ἐρδέτω	ἔρδετον	ἐρδέτων		ἔρδετε	ἐρδόντων
		active
infinitive		ἔρδειν
participle	m	ἔρδων
	f	ἔρδουσᾰ
	n	ἔρδον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Imperfect: ἔρδον

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἔρδον	ἔρδες	ἔρδε(ν)	ἔρδετον	ἐρδέτην	ἔρδομεν	ἔρδετε	ἔρδον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Imperfect: ἔρδεσκον (Ionic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἔρδεσκον	ἔρδεσκες	ἔρδεσκε(ν)	ἐρδέσκετον	ἐρδεσκέτην	ἐρδέσκομεν	ἐρδέσκετε	ἔρδεσκον
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Future: ἔρξω

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἔρξω	ἔρξεις	ἔρξει	ἔρξετον	ἔρξετον	ἔρξομεν	ἔρξετε	ἔρξουσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἔρξοιμῐ	ἔρξοις	ἔρξοι	ἔρξοιτον	ἐρξοίτην	ἔρξοιμεν	ἔρξοιτε	ἔρξοιεν
		active
infinitive		ἔρξειν
participle	m	ἔρξων
	f	ἔρξουσᾰ
	n	ἔρξον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Aorist: ἔρξᾰ, ἐρξᾰ́μην, ἔρχθην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἔρξᾰ	ἔρξᾰς	ἔρξε(ν)	ἔρξᾰτον	ἐρξᾰ́την	ἔρξᾰμεν	ἔρξᾰτε	ἔρξᾰν
	subjunctive	ἔρξω	ἔρξῃς	ἔρξῃ	ἔρξητον	ἔρξητον	ἔρξωμεν	ἔρξητε	ἔρξωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἔρξαιμῐ	ἔρξειᾰς, ἔρξαις	ἔρξειε(ν), ἔρξαι	ἔρξαιτον	ἐρξαίτην	ἔρξαιμεν	ἔρξαιτε	ἔρξειᾰν, ἔρξαιεν
	imperative		ἔρξον	ἐρξᾰ́τω	ἔρξᾰτον	ἐρξᾰ́των		ἔρξᾰτε	ἐρξᾰ́ντων
middle	indicative	ἐρξᾰ́μην	ἔρξω	ἔρξᾰτο	ἔρξᾰσθον	ἐρξᾰ́σθην	ἐρξᾰ́μεθᾰ	ἔρξᾰσθε	ἔρξᾰντο
	subjunctive	ἔρξωμαι	ἔρξῃ	ἔρξηται	ἔρξησθον	ἔρξησθον	ἐρξώμεθᾰ	ἔρξησθε	ἔρξωνται
	optative	ἐρξαίμην	ἔρξαιο	ἔρξαιτο	ἔρξαισθον	ἐρξαίσθην	ἐρξαίμεθᾰ	ἔρξαισθε	ἔρξαιντο
	imperative		ἔρξαι	ἐρξᾰ́σθω	ἔρξᾰσθον	ἐρξᾰ́σθων		ἔρξᾰσθε	ἐρξᾰ́σθων
passive	indicative	ἔρχθην	ἔρχθης	ἔρχθη	ἔρχθητον	ἐρχθήτην	ἔρχθημεν	ἔρχθητε	ἔρχθησᾰν
	subjunctive	ἐρχθῶ	ἐρχθῇς	ἐρχθῇ	ἐρχθῆτον	ἐρχθῆτον	ἐρχθῶμεν	ἐρχθῆτε	ἐρχθῶσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἐρχθείην	ἐρχθείης	ἐρχθείη	ἐρχθεῖτον, ἐρχθείητον	ἐρχθείτην, ἐρχθειήτην	ἐρχθεῖμεν, ἐρχθείημεν	ἐρχθεῖτε, ἐρχθείητε	ἐρχθεῖεν, ἐρχθείησᾰν
	imperative		ἔρχθητῐ	ἐρχθήτω	ἔρχθητον	ἐρχθήτων		ἔρχθητε	ἐρχθέντων
		active			middle		passive
infinitive		ἔρξαι			ἔρξᾰσθαι		ἐρχθῆναι
participle	m	ἔρξᾱς			ἐρξᾰ́μενος		ἐρχθείς
	f	ἔρξᾱσᾰ			ἐρξᾰμένη		ἐρχθεῖσᾰ
	n	ἔρξᾰν			ἐρξᾰ́μενον		ἐρχθέν
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Aorist: ἦρξᾰ (Attic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἦρξᾰ	ἦρξᾰς	ἦρξε(ν)	ἤρξᾰτον	ἠρξᾰ́την	ἤρξᾰμεν	ἤρξᾰτε	ἦρξᾰν
	subjunctive	ἔρξω	ἔρξῃς	ἔρξῃ	ἔρξητον	ἔρξητον	ἔρξωμεν	ἔρξητε	ἔρξωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἔρξαιμῐ	ἔρξειᾰς, ἔρξαις	ἔρξειε(ν), ἔρξαι	ἔρξαιτον	ἐρξαίτην	ἔρξαιμεν	ἔρξαιτε	ἔρξειᾰν, ἔρξαιεν
	imperative		ἔρξον	ἐρξᾰ́τω	ἔρξᾰτον	ἐρξᾰ́των		ἔρξᾰτε	ἐρξᾰ́ντων
		active
infinitive		ἔρξαι
participle	m	ἔρξᾱς
	f	ἔρξᾱσᾰ
	n	ἔρξᾰν
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Perfect: ἔοργᾰ, ἔργμαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἔοργᾰ	ἔοργᾰς	ἔοργε(ν)	ἐόργᾰτον	ἐόργᾰτον	ἐόργᾰμεν	ἐόργᾰτε	ἐόργᾱσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ἐόργω	ἐόργῃς	ἐόργῃ	ἐόργητον	ἐόργητον	ἐόργωμεν	ἐόργητε	ἐόργωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἐόργοιμῐ, ἐοργοίην	ἐόργοις, ἐοργοίης	ἐόργοι, ἐοργοίη	ἐόργοιτον	ἐοργοίτην	ἐόργοιμεν	ἐόργοιτε	ἐόργοιεν
	imperative		ἔοργε	ἐοργέτω	ἐόργετον	ἐοργέτων		ἐόργετε	ἐοργόντων
middle/passive	indicative	ἔργμαι	ἔρξαι	ἔρκται	ἔρχθον	ἔρχθον	ἔργμεθᾰ	ἔρχθε	ἔργᾰται
	subjunctive	ἐργμένος ὦ	ἐργμένος ᾖς	ἐργμένος ᾖ	ἐργμένω ἦτον	ἐργμένω ἦτον	ἐργμένοι ὦμεν	ἐργμένοι ἦτε	ἐργμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἐργμένος εἴην	ἐργμένος εἴης	ἐργμένος εἴη	ἐργμένω εἴητον, εἶτον	ἐργμένω εἰήτην, εἴτην	ἐργμένοι εἴημεν, εἶμεν	ἐργμένοι εἴητε, εἶτε	ἐργμένοι εἴησᾰν, εἶεν
	imperative		ἔρξο	ἔρχθω	ἔρχθον	ἔρχθων		ἔρχθε	ἔρχθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ἐοργέναι				ἔρχθαι
participle	m	ἐοργώς				ἐργμένος
	f	ἐοργυῖᾰ				ἐργμένη
	n	ἐοργός				ἐργμένον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Pluperfect: ἐώργειν

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἐώργειν, ἐώργη	ἐώργεις, ἐώργης	ἐώργει(ν)	ἐώργετον	ἐωργέτην	ἐώργεμεν	ἐώργετε	ἐώργεσᾰν
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Pluperfect: ἐόργειν

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἐόργειν, ἐόργη	ἐόργεις, ἐόργης	ἐόργει(ν)	ἐόργετον	ἐοργέτην	ἐόργεμεν	ἐόργετε	ἐόργεσᾰν
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Further reading

• “ἔρδω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἔρδω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ἔρδω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ἔρδω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “ἔρδω”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter