向上

Chinese

		direction; part; side direction; part; side; towards; to; guide; opposite to	up; on; on top up; on; on top; upon; first; previous or last; upper; higher; above; previous; to climb; to go into; to go up
simp. and trad. (向上)		向	上

Pronunciation

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Mandarin
(Pinyin): xiàngshàng

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤˋ ㄕㄤˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hoeng³ soeng⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hiong-song
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hiòng-siōng / hiàng-siāng / hiàng-siōng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiàngshàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˋ ㄕㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siàngshàng
  - Wade–Giles: hsiang⁴-shang⁴
  - Yale: syàng-shàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shianqshanq
  - Palladius: сяншан (sjanšan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hoeng³ soeng⁶
  - Yale: heung seuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoeng³ soeng⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: hêng³ sêng⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hœːŋ³³ sœːŋ²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiong-song
  - Hakka Romanization System: hiong song
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hiong⁴ song⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /hi̯oŋ⁵⁵ soŋ⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiòng-siōng
  - Tâi-lô: hiòng-siōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hiorngsiong
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /hiɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /hiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ siɔŋ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɔŋ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiàng-siāng
  - Tâi-lô: hiàng-siāng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hiarngsiang
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiaŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ siaŋ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiaŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siaŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiàng-siōng
  - Tâi-lô: hiàng-siōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hiarngsiong
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiaŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ siɔŋ³³/

Verb

向上

to go forward; to advance
to try to improve oneself; to make progress

Synonyms

(to go forward): 上進／上进 (shàngjìn)
(to try to improve oneself):

edit

上進 / 上进 (shàngjìn)
增志 (Hakka)
進取 / 进取 (jìnqǔ)
長俊 / 长俊 (zhǎngjùn) (literary)
長進 / 长进 (zhǎngjìn)

Adverb

向上

upward; up

Derived terms

Japanese

Kanji in this term
向	上
こう Grade: 3	じょう Grade: 1
on'yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ko̞ːʑo̞ː]
(Tokyo) こーじょー [kòójóó] (Heiban – [0])

Noun

向(こう)上(じょう) • (kōjō)

improvement, progress

Verb

向(こう)上(じょう)する • (kōjō suru) intransitive suru (stem 向(こう)上(じょう)し (kōjō shi), past 向(こう)上(じょう)した (kōjō shita))

improve, rise
- 2024 February 8, 新藤義孝, quotee, “第213回国会　衆議院　予算委員会　第6号　令和6年2月8日”, in 国会会議録検索システム‎^[1], 国立国会図書館:
  企業の業績を上げるためには、生産性を向上させなければならない。
  Kigyō no gyōseki o ageru tame ni wa, seisan-sei o kōjō sasenakereba naranai.
  To improve company performance, productivity must be increased.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "向上する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	向上し	こうじょうし	kōjō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	向上し	こうじょうし	kōjō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	向上する	こうじょうする	kōjō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	向上する	こうじょうする	kōjō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	向上すれ	こうじょうすれ	kōjō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	向上せよ¹ 向上しろ²	こうじょうせよ¹ こうじょうしろ²	kōjō seyo¹ kōjō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	向上される	こうじょうされる	kōjō sareru
Causative	向上させる向上さす	こうじょうさせるこうじょうさす	kōjō saseru kōjō sasu
Potential	向上できる	こうじょうできる	kōjō dekiru
Volitional	向上しよう	こうじょうしよう	kōjō shiyō
Negative	向上しない	こうじょうしない	kōjō shinai
Negative continuative	向上せず	こうじょうせず	kōjō sezu
Formal	向上します	こうじょうします	kōjō shimasu
Perfective	向上した	こうじょうした	kōjō shita
Conjunctive	向上して	こうじょうして	kōjō shite
Hypothetical conditional	向上すれば	こうじょうすれば	kōjō sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

“向上”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
向	上

Noun

向上 • (hyangsang) (hangeul 향상)

hanja form^? of 향상 (“improvement”)