向

See also: 何, 同, 回, and 嚮

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

向 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 竹月口 (HBR), four-corner 2722₀, composition ⿱丿冋)

Derived characters

• 响, 垧, 姠, 恦, 逈, 𣂝, 晌, 𬂭, 𤈍, 珦, 𥹝, 𥿧, 䖮, 𧧦, 𮚹, 銄, 餉(饷), 𮯄, 䚁, 𭕜, 扄, 晑, 𥭈, 𤍀, 嚮, 𪢞, 𧥁, 𫝙, 𫷇

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 176, character 4
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3301
• Dae Jaweon: page 393, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 579, character 8
• Unihan data for U+5411

---

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 向
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (向) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
晌	*hljaŋʔ
餉	*hljaŋs
向	*hljaŋs, *hlaŋs
珦	*hljaŋs, *hlaŋs

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 口 (“window”).

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.		向

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xiàng (xiang⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hoeng³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hiong
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hiòng / hiàng / hiàⁿ / ǹg / àⁿ

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hiang³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiàng
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siàng
    • Wade–Giles: hsiang⁴
    • Yale: syàng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shianq
    • Palladius: сян (sjan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: hoeng³
    • Yale: heung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hoeng³
    • Guangdong Romanization: hêng³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hœːŋ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiong
    • Hakka Romanization System: hiong
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hiong⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /hi̯oŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiòng
    • Tâi-lô: hiòng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hioxng
    • IPA (Taipei): /hiɔŋ¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /hiɔŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɔŋ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiàng
    • Tâi-lô: hiàng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hiaxng
    • IPA (Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou): /hiaŋ²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiàⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: hiànn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hviax
    • IPA (Taipei): /hiã¹¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /hiã²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hiã⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ǹg
    • Tâi-lô: ǹg
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ngx
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /ŋ̍²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ŋ̍¹¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ŋ̍⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: àⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: ànn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: vax
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ã²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ã¹¹/

Note:

• hiòng/hiàng - literary;
• hiàⁿ/ǹg/àⁿ - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: hiang³
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiàng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hiaŋ²¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: xjangH

Rime
Character	向
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	許亮切
Baxter	xjangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨɐŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/hiɐŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/xiɑŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɨaŋH/
Li Rong	/xiaŋH/
Wang Li	/xĭaŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/xi̯aŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoeng3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*n̥aŋ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*hlaŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	向
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiàng
Middle Chinese	‹ xjangH ›
Old Chinese	/*n̥aŋ-s/
English	window facing North; turn towards
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	向
Reading #	2/2
No.	13660
Phonetic component	向
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	向
Old Chinese	/*hlaŋs/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 向

1. to face
2. to side with; to favour; to discriminate in favour of
3. to admire; to revere
4. to approach; to advance towards
5. direction
6. (figurative) direction; tendency; trend
7. towards; to
8. formerly; previously
9. always; throughout
10. (Taivoan religious concept) sorcery, taboo, and magic

Synonyms

• 往 (wǎng)

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xiàng (xiang⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤˋ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiàng
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siàng
    • Wade–Giles: hsiang⁴
    • Yale: syàng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shianq
    • Palladius: сян (sjan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: syangH

Rime
Character	向
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	書 (26)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	式亮切
Baxter	syangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɕɨɐŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɕiɐŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɕiɑŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɕɨaŋH/
Li Rong	/ɕiaŋH/
Wang Li	/ɕĭaŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɕi̯aŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	soeng3

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*hljaŋs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	向
Reading #	1/2
No.	13658
Phonetic component	向
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	餉
Old Chinese	/*hljaŋs/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 向

1. An ancient state in modern Shandong
2. name of two places in modern Henan
3. a surname

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 向 – see 嚮 (“to turn toward; to approach; toward; facing; against; etc.”). (This character is the simplified and variant form of 嚮).

Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 向 – see 曏 (“in the near past; in the past; formerly; facing; against; etc.”). (This character is the simplified form of 曏).

Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

(deprecated template usage)

---

Japanese

Kanji

向

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

1. yonder
2. facing

Readings

• Go-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}
• Kan-on: きょう (kyō)^{←きやう (kyau, historical)}
• On: しょう (shō)^{←しやう (syau, historical)}
• Kun: むく (muku, 向く, Jōyō); むかう (mukau, 向かう, Jōyō)^{←むかふ (mukafu, 向かふ, historical)}; さきに (sakini)

Proper noun

向(むかい) or 向(proper) • (mukai or proper) ^{←むかひ (mukafi)?}[[Category:Japanese
|むかい]]

1. a surname

---

Korean

Hanja

向 • (hyang, sang) (hangeul 향, 상, revised hyang, sang, McCune–Reischauer hyang, sang)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

---

Vietnamese

Han character

向: Hán Nôm readings: hướng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.