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善

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 譱
善 U+5584, 善
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5584
← 喃
[U+5583] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 喅 →
[U+5585]

善 U+2F845, 善
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F845
← 啣
[U+2F844] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 善 →
[U+2F846]

善 U+2F846, 善
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F846
← 善
[U+2F845] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 喙 →
[U+2F847]

Translingual

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Han character

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善 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+9, 12 strokes, Cangjie input 廿土廿口 (TGTR) or 廿廿口 (TTR), four-corner 80605, composition ⿻羊⿱䒑口 or ⿳𦍌䒑口)

Derived characters

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Additional derived characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 197, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3904
  • Dae Jaweon: page 418, character 38
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 660, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+5584

Chinese

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trad. 善
simp. # 善
alternative forms
譱
𠲘
𠵊
𠾄
𦎍
譱
𠲘
𠵊
𠾄
𦎍
𦏟
𦏯
𧨅
𧬆
𧮟
 

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 善
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (善) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
橏 *tjenʔ
嫸 *tjenʔ
善 *ɡjenʔ
譱 *ɡjenʔ
蟮 *djanʔ
鱔 *djanʔ
僐 *djenʔ, *djens
鄯 *djenʔ, *djens
墡 *djenʔ
磰 *djenʔ
繕 *ɡjens
膳 *djens
饍 *djens

Originally written 譱 in bronze inscriptions, consisting of two 言 (OC *ŋan) and one 羊. The 言 (OC *ŋan) might have served as the phonetic component, while 羊 represented the sense "good; beautiful" (see 祥, 義). The small seal script of 善 was simplified from the bronze inscription form, consisting of one 言 below one 羊.

According to Shuowen, the form 譱 is an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 誩 (“to wrangle”) + 羊 (“sheep”) – good; virtuous. This interpretation may be difficult to comprehend.

Etymology

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Probably related to 繕 (OC *ɡjens, “to mend; to repair”).

Pronunciation

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Note: siêng6 - Chaozhou.
Note:
  • shenn5 - vernacular;
  • shenn4 - literary.
    Rime
    Character 善
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 常 (25)
    Final (韻) 仙 (77)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 常演切
    Baxter dzyenX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/d͡ʑiᴇnX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/d͡ʑiɛnX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/d͡ʑjænX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/d͡ʑianX/
    Li
    Rong         		/ʑiɛnX/
    Wang
    Li         		/ʑĭɛnX/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/ʑi̯ɛnX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		shàn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		sin6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 善
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		shàn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ dzyenX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ɡ]e[n]ʔ/
    English good

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 善
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 11084
    Phonetic
    component         		善
    Rime
    group         		元
    Rime
    subdivision         		2
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		善
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡjenʔ/

    Definitions

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    善

    1. good; virtuous; charitable; kind
      Antonym: 惡 / 恶
      善事  ―  shànshì  ―  good deed; charitable deed
    2. good; fine; desirable
      善策  ―  shàncè  ―  good solution
      1. (literary) to regard as good
    3. good deed
      行善  ―  xíngshàn  ―  to do good deeds
    4. to be good at
      善交際／善交际  ―  shàn jiāojì  ―  to be a mixer
      能歌善舞  ―  nénggēshànwǔ  ―  to be good at singing and dancing
    5. easily
      善變／善变  ―  shànbiàn  ―  to be changeable; to be prone or apt to change
      善忘  ―  shànwàng  ―  forgetful
    6. appropriately; all out; earnestly
      善用  ―  shànyòng  ―  to use properly
      善自珍重  ―  shàn zì zhēnzhòng  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    7. to be friendly with; to be on friendly terms with
    8. (literary) to like
    9. (literary) Used to express agreement or commendation.; Good!
    10. (Taishanese, euphemistic) to die
      去善 [Taishanese]  ―  hui1 sen5 [Wiktionary]  ―  go to hell

    Synonyms

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    Dialectal synonyms of 好 (“good”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 好, 良, 善, 佳
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 好, 良好, 美好, 佳
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 好, 強
    Taiwan 好
    Harbin 好
    Singapore 好
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 好, 賽, 強
    Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 好
    Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 好
    Wanrong 好
    Xi'an 好, 嫽
    Xining 好
    Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 好
    Ürümqi 好
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 好
    Wuhan 好, 傲
    Guiyang 好
    Guilin 好
    Liuzhou 好
    Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 好
    Yangzhou 好
    Hefei 好, 㜺
    Cantonese Guangzhou 好, 㜺
    Hong Kong 好
    Taishan 好
    Dongguan 好
    Yangjiang 好
    Singapore (Guangfu) 好
    Gan Nanchang 好
    Lichuan 好
    Pingxiang 好
    Hakka Meixian 好, 㜺
    Yudu 好
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 好
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 好
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 好
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 好
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 好
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 好
    Huizhou Jixi 好
    Jin Taiyuan 好
    Xinzhou 好
    Northern Min Jian'ou 好
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 好
    Southern Min Xiamen 好
    Tainan 好
    Penang (Hokkien) 好
    Singapore (Hokkien) 好
    Manila (Hokkien) 好
    Chaozhou 好
    Singapore (Teochew) 好
    Leizhou 好
    Haikou 好
    Singapore (Hainanese) 好
    Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 好
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 好
    Wu Shanghai 好, 㜺, 靈, 嗲
    Shanghai (Songjiang) 畢㜺
    Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong) 出客
    Shanghai (Nanhui, Pudong) 出客
    Shanghai (Fengxian) 靈
    Shanghai (Jinshan) 靈
    Shanghai (Chongming) 好
    Suzhou 好, 㜺
    Danyang 好
    Hangzhou 好
    Shaoxing 好, 㜺
    Ningbo 好
    Wenzhou 好
    Jinhua 好
    Xiang Changsha 好
    Loudi 好
    Shuangfeng 好
    Hengyang 好

    Compounds

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    References

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    • “善”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
    • 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “善”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 215.

    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    善

    (Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. virtue
    2. goodness

    Readings

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    • Go-on: ぜん (zen, Jōyō)
    • Kan-on: せん (sen)
    • Kun: よい (yoi, 善い, Jōyō)
    • Nanori: よし (yoshi)

    Etymology

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    Kanji in this term
    善
    ぜん
    Grade: 6
    goon

    From Middle Chinese 善 (MC dzyenX).

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    善(ぜん) • (zen) 

    1. good, good deed
      Antonym: 悪 (aku)
      • 1946, 三木清, 親鸞‎[2], 青空文庫:
        外(そと)においてどれほど善(ぜん)を行(おこ)なおうとしても、悪心(あくしん)は絶(た)えず裏(うら)から潜(ひそ)んでくる。
        Soto ni oite dore hodo zen o okonaō to shite mo, akushin wa taezu ura kara hisonde kuru.
        No matter how much good one tries to do outside, evil thoughts will always come lurking from behind it.

    Derived terms

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    Korean

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    Etymology

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    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

    Pronunciation

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    Hanja

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    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    善 (eumhun 착할 선 (chakhal seon))

    1. hanja form? of 선 (“good, nice”)

    Compounds

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    Compounds

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    善: Hán Nôm readings: thiện

    1. chữ Hán form of thiện (“kind, virtue, good”)
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