垣

垣 U+57A3, 垣 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-57A3 ← 垢 [U+57A2] CJK Unified Ideographs 垤 → [U+57A4]

Translingual

Han character

Stroke order

垣 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+6, 9 strokes, Cangjie input 土一日一 (GMAM), four-corner 4111₆, composition ⿰土亘)

1. low wall

Derived characters

• 𭈲, 𭝧

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 228, character 20
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5060
• Dae Jaweon: page 464, character 17
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 437, character 11
• Unihan data for U+57A3

Chinese

simp. and trad.		垣

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 垣
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (亘) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
烜	*qʰrolʔ, *qʰonʔ
貆	*qʰoːn, *ɡoːn, *qʰon
峘	*ɡoːn, *ɡɯːŋ
狟	*ɡoːn
絙	*ɡoːn, *kɯːŋ
荁	*ɡoːn
宣	*sqʰon
咺	*qʰonʔ
暅	*qʰonʔ
桓	*ɡʷaːn
洹	*ɡʷaːn, *ɢʷan
揎	*sqʰʷan
愃	*sqʰʷan, *qʰʷanʔ
瑄	*sqʰʷan
渲	*sqʰʷans
喧	*qʰʷan
萱	*qʰʷan
暄	*qʰʷan
諠	*qʰʷan
翧	*qʰʷan
蝖	*qʰʷan
垣	*ɢʷan
楦	*qʰʷans

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɢʷan): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 亘 (xuān).

Etymology

Borrowed from Tocharian B wänt-, Tocharian A wänt- (“to envelop, to surround”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yuán (yuan²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): wun⁴
• Eastern Min (BUC): uòng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hoeng² / hyoeng²
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): oân / hoân

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yuán
    • Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yuán
    • Wade–Giles: yüan²
    • Yale: ywán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuan
    • Palladius: юань (juanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɥɛn³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: wun⁴
    • Yale: wùhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: wun⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: wun⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wuːn²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: uòng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /uoŋ⁵³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: hoeng²
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hé̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hœŋ¹³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: hyoeng²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hyøŋ²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oân
    • Tâi-lô: uân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: oaan
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /uan¹³/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /uan²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /uan²³/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoân
    • Tâi-lô: huân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoaan
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /huan²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /huan²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: hjwon

Rime
Character	垣
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	云 (35)
Final (韻)	元 (66)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	雨元切
Baxter	hjwon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦʉɐn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦʷiɐn/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣiuɐn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦuan/
Li Rong	/ɣiuɐn/
Wang Li	/ɣĭwɐn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i̯wɐn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yuán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jyun4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷar/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷan/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	垣
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yuán
Middle Chinese	‹ hjwon ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ʷar/
English	wall
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	垣
Reading #	1/1
No.	14017
Phonetic component	亘
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	袁
Old Chinese	/*ɢʷan/

Definitions

垣

1. wall
2. city
3. (astronomy) enclosure

Compounds

• 三垣
• 垝垣
• 城垣 (chéngyuán)
• 垣墉 (yuányōng)
• 垣牆 / 垣墙
• 垣衣
• 堧垣
• 女垣
• 宸垣
• 寒垣
• 屬垣 / 属垣
• 屬垣有耳 / 属垣有耳
• 張垣 / 张垣 (Zhāngyuán)
• 掖垣
• 敗宇頹垣 / 败宇颓垣
• 新垣 (xīnyuán)
• 斷井頹垣 / 断井颓垣
• 斷垣殘壁 / 断垣残壁 (duànyuáncánbì)
• 斷壁殘垣 / 断壁残垣 (duànbìcányuán)
• 斷壁頹垣 / 断壁颓垣
• 殘垣敗壁 / 残垣败壁
• 泥垣宮 / 泥垣宫
• 牆垣 / 墙垣 (qiángyuán)
• 省垣
• 短垣自逾
• 破屋壞垣 / 破屋坏垣
• 破瓦頹垣 / 破瓦颓垣
• 籬垣 / 篱垣
• 粉垣
• 補垣塞穴 / 补垣塞穴
• 襄垣縣 / 襄垣县
• 西垣
• 踰垣 / 逾垣
• 鑽穴踰垣 / 钻穴逾垣
• 陳垣 / 陈垣

References

• “垣”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “垣”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 294.

Japanese

Kanji

垣

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: おん (on)^{←をん (won, historical)}
• Kan-on: えん (en)^{←ゑん (wen, historical)}
• Kun: かき (kaki, 垣, Jōyō)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
垣
かき Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
籬

From Old Japanese 垣 (kaki₁), from Proto-Japonic *kaki.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ka̠kʲi]
• (Tokyo) かき [kàkíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])

• (Kyōto) か​き [káꜜkì] (Kōki)

• Historical evolution of the Kyoto pitch accent

• (the Heian period) HL
• (the Kamakura period) HL
• (the Edo period) HL

※ H for high and flat syllables (◌́), L for low and flat syllables (◌̀), F for high-to-low syllables (◌̂), R for low-to-high syllables (◌̌).

Noun

垣(かき) • (kaki) 

1. a fence (separating barrier) [from 712 CE]
2. (by extension from the "fence" meaning) an impediment to an action; an obstacle; a barrier; a fence
3. a corridor; also a sliding screen to separate such
4. (hapax legomenon) synonym of 垣立 (kakitatsu, “a fence shaped like a railing that forms the upper part of a Japanese ship”) [1663]
5. a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with various fences

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 垣(かき)網(あみ) (kakiami)
• 垣(かき)内(うち) (kakiuchi)
• 垣(かき)壁(かべ) (kakikabe)
• 垣(かき)形(がた) (kakigata)
• 垣(かき)際(ぎわ) (kakigiwa)
• 垣(かき)杭(ぐい) (kakigui)
• 垣(かき)越(ご)し (kakigoshi)
• 垣(かき)衣(ごろも) (kakigoromo)
• 垣(かき)柴(しば) (kakishiba)
• 垣(かき)代(しろ) (kakishiro)
• 垣(かき)城(じろ) (kakijiro)
• 垣(かき)田(た) (kakita)
• 垣(かき)立(たつ) (kakitatsu)
• 垣(かき)立(たて) (kakitate)
• 垣(かき)出(だ)し (kakidashi)
• 垣(かき)棚(だな) (kakidana)
• 垣(かき)小鳥(ちんない) (kakichinnai)
• 垣(かき)続(つづ)き (kakitsuzuki)
• 垣(カキ)通(ドオシ) (kakidōshi)
• 垣(かき)隣(どなり) (kakidonari)
• 垣(かき)留(どめ) (kakidome)
• 垣(かき)根(ね) (kakine), 垣(かい)根(ね) (kaine)
• 垣(かき)除(のぞ)き (kakinozoki)
• 垣(かき)辺(べ) (kakibe)
• 垣(かき)縁(べり) (kakiberi)
• 垣(かき)穂(ほ) (kakiho)
• 垣(かき)蔟(まぶし) (kakimabushi)
• 垣(かき)面(も) (kakimo)
• 垣(かき)屋(や) (kakiya)
• 垣(かき)破(やぶ)り (kakiyaburi)
• 垣(かき)山(やま) (kakiyama)
• 垣(かき)寄(より) (kakiyori)
• 垣(かく)内(ち) (kakuchi)
• 垣(かい)代(しろ) (kaishiro)
• 垣(かい)楯(だて) (kaidate)
• 垣(かい)内(ち) (kaichi)
• 垣(かい)内(と) (kaito)
• 垣(かい)外(と) (kaito)
• 垣(かい)間(ま)見(み)る (kaimamiru), 垣(かい)間(ば)見(み)る (kaibamiru)
• 垣(かい)間(ま)見(み)せる (kaimamiseru)
• 垣(かい)本(もと) (kaimoto)
• 生垣(いけがき) (ikegaki)
• 石垣(いしがき) (ishigaki)
• 竹垣(たけがき) (takegaki)
• 人垣(ひとがき) (hitogaki)

Vietnamese

Han character

垣: Hán Nôm readings: viên

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