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壁

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 璧
壁 U+58C1, 壁
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58C1
← 壀
[U+58C0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 壂 →
[U+58C2]

Translingual

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Han character

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壁 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+13, 16 strokes, Cangjie input 尸十土 (SJG), four-corner 70104, composition ⿱辟土)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 240, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5516
  • Dae Jaweon: page 479, character 29
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 494, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+58C1

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 壁
2nd round simp. 坒
alternative forms 𨐧
Chinese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia zh

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (辟) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
嬖 *peːɡs
薜 *beːɡs, *preːɡ
鐾 *beːɡs
臂 *peɡs
譬 *pʰeɡs
避 *beɡs
檗 *preːɡ
擘 *preːɡ
糪 *preːɡ, *pʰreːɡ
掰 *preːɡ
繴 *breːɡ, *peːɡ
辟 *peɡ, *pʰeɡ, *beɡ
璧 *peɡ
鐴 *peɡ
躄 *peɡ
襞 *peɡ
僻 *pʰeɡ, *pʰeːɡ
癖 *pʰeɡ, *pʰeːɡ
廦 *pʰeɡ, *peːɡ
擗 *beɡ
躃 *beɡ
闢 *beɡ
壁 *peːɡ
鼊 *peːɡ
霹 *pʰeːɡ
劈 *pʰeːɡ
澼 *pʰeːɡ
憵 *pʰeːɡ
甓 *beːɡ
鷿 *beːɡ
幦 *mbeːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *peːɡ): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 辟 (OC *peɡ, *pʰeɡ, *beɡ) – an earthen wall.

Etymology

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Possibly borrowed from Proto-Tocharian *pəkənte (“hindering, obstacle”).[1]

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • bik1 - literary;
  • bek3 - vernacular (limited);
  • bik3 - rare variant.
Note:
  • Meixian:
    • biag5 - vernacular;
    • bid5 - literary.
Note:
  • biă - vernacular;
  • bĭ - literary.
Note:
  • biáh/biéh - vernacular;
  • bék - literary.
Note:
  • bia6 - vernacular;
  • bih6 - literary.
Note:
  • piah - vernacular;
  • pek/piak - literary.
Note:
  • bia6 - vernacular;
  • bi6 - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 壁
    Mandarin Beijing /pi⁵¹/
    Harbin /pi⁵³/
    Tianjin /pi⁵³/
    Jinan /pi²¹/
    Qingdao /pi⁵⁵/
    Zhengzhou /pi³¹²/
    Xi'an /pi²¹/
    Xining /pji⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /pi¹³/
    Lanzhou /pi¹³/
    Ürümqi /pi²¹³/
    Wuhan /pi²¹³/
    Chengdu /pi³¹/
    Guiyang /pi²¹/
    Kunming /pi³¹/
    Nanjing /piʔ⁵/
    Hefei /piəʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /piəʔ²/
    Pingyao /piʌʔ¹³/
    Hohhot /piəʔ⁴³/
    Wu Shanghai /piɪʔ⁵/
    Suzhou /piəʔ⁵/
    Hangzhou /piəʔ⁵/
    Wenzhou /pi²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /piʔ²¹/
    Tunxi /pi⁵/
    Xiang Changsha /pi²⁴/
    /pia²⁴/
    Xiangtan /piɒ²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /piɑʔ⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /piak̚¹/
    Taoyuan /piɑk̚²²/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /pek̚⁵/
    Nanning /pek̚⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /pik̚⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /pik̚³²/
    /piaʔ³²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /piɛʔ²³/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /pi²⁴/
    /pia²⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /piaʔ²/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔbek̚⁵/
    /ʔbia⁵⁵/
    Rime
    Character 壁
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 幫 (1)
    Final (韻) 錫 (127)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) IV
    Fanqie 北激切
    Baxter pek
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/pek̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/pek̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/pɛk̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/pɛjk̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/pek̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/piek̚/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/piek̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		bi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		bik1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 壁
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		bì
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ pek ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*C.pˁek/
    English house wall

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 壁
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 688
    Phonetic
    component         		辟
    Rime
    group         		錫
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		壁
    Old
    Chinese         		/*peːɡ/

    Definitions

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    壁

    1. wall; partition (Classifier: 扇 h; 堵 mn)
      牆壁／墙壁  ―  qiángbì  ―  wall
    2. rampart; defensive wall
      壁壘／壁垒  ―  bìlěi  ―  rampart; barrier
    3. cliff; precipice
      峭壁  ―  qiàobì  ―  cliff; steep
    4. something resembling a wall; lumen; surface
    5. (astronomy) (～宿) Wall (Chinese constellation)

    Synonyms

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    • (wall):
    Dialectal synonyms of 牆 (“wall”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 牆, 壁, 垣墉
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 牆, 牆壁, 牆垣
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 牆
    Taiwan 牆
    Singapore 牆壁
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 牆
    Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 牆
    Xi'an 牆
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 牆, 壁頭
    Wuhan 牆
    Guilin 牆
    Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 牆
    Hefei 牆
    Cantonese Guangzhou 牆
    Hong Kong 牆
    Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 籬壆, 牆
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 牆
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 牆
    Taishan 牆
    Dongguan 籬
    Yangjiang 牆
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 牆
    Hepu (Shatian) 牆
    Beihai 牆
    Beihai (Nankang) 牆
    Beihai (Yingpan) 牆
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 牆壁
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 牆
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 牆
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 牆
    Singapore (Guangfu) 牆
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 牆
    Móng Cái 牆
    Gan Nanchang 牆, 壁
    Pingxiang 牆
    Hakka Meixian 牆, 壁
    Yudu 牆
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 壁
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 壁
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 壁
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 壁
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 壁
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 壁
    Hong Kong 牆, 壁頭
    Senai (Huiyang) 牆
    Huizhou Jixi 牆壁
    Jin Taiyuan 牆
    Northern Min Jian'ou 牆
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 牆, 牆壁, 壁
    Southern Min Xiamen 牆, 壁, 壁堵
    Quanzhou 壁堵
    Zhao'an 壁
    Tainan 牆, 壁, 壁堵
    Penang (Hokkien) 牆, 壁
    Singapore (Hokkien) 牆, 壁
    Manila (Hokkien) 壁
    Medan (Hokkien) 壁
    Chaozhou 牆
    Bangkok (Teochew) 牆
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 牆
    Singapore (Teochew) 壁, 牆
    Puxian Min Putian 牆, 壁
    Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) 牆, 壁
    Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) 牆
    Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) 牆, 壁, 牆壁
    Xianyou 牆
    Xianyou (Fengting) 牆
    Xianyou (Youyang) 牆
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 牆
    Wu Shanghai 牆頭, 牆壁
    Shanghai (Chongming) 牆
    Suzhou 牆頭, 牆壁
    Danyang 牆頭
    Hangzhou 牆頭
    Ningbo 牆壁
    Wenzhou 屏牆, 牆
    Xiang Changsha 牆壁, 牆, 壁
    Xiangxiang 牆
    Loudi 壁頭
    Shuangfeng 牆頭, 壁頭

    Compounds

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    Descendants

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    Sino-Xenic (壁):
    • → Japanese: 壁(へき) (heki)
    • → Korean: 벽(壁) (byeok)

    Others:

    • → Vietnamese: vách (“wall”)

    References

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    1. ^ Alexander Lubotsky (1998), “Tocharian Loan Words in Old Chinese: Chariots, Chariot Gear, and Town Building”, in The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age peoples of Eastern Central Asia, pages 379-390

    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    壁

    (Jōyō kanji)

    Readings

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    • Go-on: ひゃく (hyaku)
    • Kan-on: へき (heki, Jōyō)
    • Kun: かべ (kabe, 壁, Jōyō)、とりで (toride)
    • Nanori: かべ (kabe)

    Compounds

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    Compounds

    Etymology

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    Kanji in this term
    壁
    かべ
    Grade: S
    kun'yomi

    Compound of 処(か) (ka, “place”) + 重(へ) (he, “division”), in reference to walls dividing objects apart.[1] The he changes to be as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    壁(かべ) • (kabe) 

    1. wall
      • 2011 May 14, “アクア・マドール [Aqua Madoll]”, in Beginner's Edition 1, Konami:
        水(みず)をあやつる魔(ま)法(ほう)使(つか)い。分(ぶ)厚(あつ)い水(みず)の壁(かべ)をつくり敵(てき)を押(お)しつぶす。
        Mizu o ayatsuru mahōtsukai. Buatsui mizu no kabe o tsukuri teki o oshitsubusu.
        A water-manipulating magician who crushes his enemies with his massive water walls.
    2. something that impedes progress
    3. (nyobō kotoba) tofu
    4. a 掛詞 (kakekotoba) for 寝る (nuru) by way of 塗る (nuru)
    5. (moutaineering) a vertical cliff

    Derived terms

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    See also

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    References

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    1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
    2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

    Korean

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    Hanja

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    壁 (eumhun 벽 벽 (byeok byeok))

    1. hanja form? of 벽 (“wall”)

    Compounds

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    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    壁: Hán Việt readings: bích[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
    壁: Nôm readings: vách[1][2][3][4][5][6][7], bịch[3][4][6][7], bệch[3][4], mếch[1]

    1. chữ Nôm form of vách (“wall; cliff”)

    References

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    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Hồ (1976).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bonet (1899).
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Génibrel (1898).
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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