夏

See also: 复

夏	U+590F, 夏 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-590F

← 夎
[U+590E]

CJK Unified Ideographs

夐 →
[U+5910]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

夏 (Kangxi radical 35, 夊+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一山竹水 (MUHE), four-corner 1024₇, composition ⿱𦣻夂(GJK) or ⿱𦣻夊(HT))

Derived characters

𠌘, 嗄, 𡏘, 𡟺, 𡺷, 𭡲, 𭱣, 榎, 𤌤, 𤧶, 𥔹, 𦥍, 𧏡, 𥜂, 𮢩, 𧈄, 𩡘, 𮬆, 𥫏, 𢥭, 𣣺, 𡕵, 𥻴, 𪄂, 𭐲, 𡙣, 𭔆, 𦷜, 𥧜, 厦, 𭕥, 廈, 𤹉, 𢟜, 𡖃

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 245, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5720
Dae Jaweon: page 485, character 29
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 869, character 10
Unihan data for U+590F

Chinese

trad.		夏
simp. ^#		夏
2nd round simp.		⿳丆冂夂
alternative forms		昰夓𠀼𠌘𠍺昰夓𠀼𠌘𠍺𡔰𡕭𡕻𡕾𡖃𣋗𤴞𧈄𩖳

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 夏
Shang		Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)		Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Ancient script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (夏) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
榎	*kraːʔ
廈	sraːs, ɡraːʔ
嗄	sqʰraːs, qraːds
夏	ɡraːʔ, ɡraːs

In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 日 (“sun”) + 頁 (“head; man”) – man under the scorching sun; summer.

Various variants were seen in the bronze inscriptions from the Spring and Autumn period. 止 (“foot”) was often added to the bottom of the man. Additionally, in the form shown above, the 日 was removed and 𦥑 (“two hands”) was added. The seal script inherits its form from this form, with 止 replaced with the related 夊.

Various forms were also seen from the Warring States period. The bamboo and silk script above shows a common form: 日 + 止 + 頁. The “ancient script” (古文) from Shuowen (labelled as the large seal script) has deviated significantly, with 止 becoming the related 足. The top part may be a corruption of 頁.

The current form is simplified from the seal script, with the removal of 𦥑 and the legs from 頁. Unrelated to 复.

Etymology 1

“great; Xia Dynasty; China; Chinese”: Possibly related to 假 (OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs, “great”), 嘏 (OC *kraːʔ, “great”) and 廈 (OC *sraːs, *ɡraːʔ, “big house”) (Wang, 1980). Shi (2000) and Mair (2013) relate this word to Tibetan རྒྱ (rgya, “great; wide; width; size; expanse; China”).

“magnificent colours; variegated”: The sense “variegated” may be of a different origin. Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *Krā(H) (“variegated”) (Starostin), whence Tibetan བཀྲ (bkra, “variegated; bright; radiant; splendid”), Tibetan ཁྲ (khra, “many-coloured; variegated; mottled; striped”) and Burmese ကျား (kya:, “variegated; striped; chequered”). Possibly related to 騢 (OC *ɡraː, “horse with mixed red and white colour”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xià (xia⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): haa⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ha⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ha

(Hailu, HRS): ha^˖

(Meixian, Guangdong): ha⁴
Eastern Min (BUC): hâ
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ha⁵ / or⁵
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hā / hēe

(Teochew, Peng'im): hê⁷
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶gho; ⁶ya
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xia⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xià
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sià
  - Wade–Giles: hsia⁴
  - Yale: syà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
  - Palladius: ся (sja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: haa⁶
  - Yale: hah
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haa⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ha⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haː²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ha⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ha³²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha
  - Hakka Romanization System: ha
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ha⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: ha^˖
  - Sinological IPA: /ha³³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ha⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ha⁵³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hâ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑ²⁴²/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ha⁵
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hā
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ha¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ha⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ha²¹/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: or⁵
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ō̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɒ¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: or⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɒ²¹/

Note:

or5 - vernacular;
ha5 - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā
  - Tâi-lô: hā
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ha
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ha³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ha⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe
  - Tâi-lô: hēe
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hê⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hē
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /he¹¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶gho; ⁶ya
  - MiniDict: gho^去; ya^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hho; ³hhia
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦo²³/, /ɦia²³/

Note:

3hho - vernacular;
3hhia - literary.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: xia⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯a̠⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese: haeX

Rime
Character	夏
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡雅切
Baxter	haeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠa^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚa^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣa^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaɨ^X/
Li Rong	/ɣa^X/
Wang Li	/ɣa^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣa^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xià
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haa⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ˤraʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	夏
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xià
Middle Chinese	‹ hæ^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ˁraʔ/
English	great; pertaining to Chinese civilization
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	夏
Reading #	1/2
No.	13452
Phonetic component	夏
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	下
Old Chinese	/*ɡraːʔ/

Definitions

夏

(～朝) (historical) the Xia dynasty (2070 BCE – 1600 BCE)
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, by extension) China; Chinese
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) great; grand; magnificent
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) magnificent colours; resplendent colours; variegated
- 羽畎夏翟 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: The Book of Documents, circa 7^th – 4^th centuries BCE
  yǔquǎn xiàdí [Pinyin]
  variegated long-tailed pheasants from the ravines of Feather Mountain
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 廈 / 厦 (“big house”)
a surname
夏志清 ― Xià Zhìqīng ― Hsia Chih-tsing (Chinese literary critic)

Synonyms

(the Xia dynasty):

edit

夏代 (Xiàdài)
夏后 (Xiàhòu)
夏后氏 (Xiàhòushì)
夏朝 (Xiàcháo)
夏氏 (Xiàshì)
夏王朝 (Xià Wángcháo)

Descendants

→ English: Hsia, Xia

Compounds

中夏 (Zhōngxià)
佛卡夏 (fókǎxià)
函夏
區夏 / 区夏
夏侯 (Xiàhóu)
夏后氏 (Xiàhòushì)
夏威夷
夏官
夏屋
夏庭
夏新莊 / 夏新庄 (Xiàxīnzhuāng)
夏時 / 夏时
夏普吐勒 (Xiàpǔtǔlè)
夏曆 / 夏历 (xiàlì)
夏書 / 夏书 (Xià Shū)
夏朝 (Xiàcháo)
夏桀 (Xiàjié)
夏正 (xiàzhēng)
夏津 (Xiàjīn)
夏禮 / 夏礼
夏禹
夏馬勒巴格 / 夏马勒巴格 (Xiàmǎlèbāgé)
夏鼎
大夏 (dàxià)
子夏懸鶉 / 子夏悬鹑
子夏肥
寧夏 / 宁夏 (Níngxià)
廣夏細旃 / 广夏细旃
方夏
旌夏
有夏
李劉馬夏 / 李刘马夏
江夏 (Jiāngxià)
烏夏巴什 / 乌夏巴什 (Wūxiàbāshí)
猾夏
用夏變夷 / 用夏变夷
華夏 / 华夏 (Huáxià)
西夏 (Xīxià)
諴夏 / 𫍯夏
諸夏 / 诸夏 (Zhūxià)
那瑪夏 / 那玛夏 (Nàmǎxià)

Etymology 2

Sagart (2023b) relates it to 暇 (OC *[g]ˤra-s, “leisure”) and Burmese အား (a:, “to be free (not in use; without obligations)”), the latter of which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ra (“strength; to win; classifier for people”) but does not compare to 夏. See 暇 for more.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): xià (xia⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xia⁴

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): щя (xi͡a, II)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): haa⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ha⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): ha⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ha

(Hailu, HRS): ha^˖

(Meixian, Guangdong): ha⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): xia³
Northern Min (KCR): hā
Eastern Min (BUC): hâ
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hē / hā / hēe

(Teochew, Peng'im): hê⁷
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶gho; ⁶ya
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xia⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xià
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sià
  - Wade–Giles: hsia⁴
  - Yale: syà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
  - Palladius: ся (sja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: xia⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xia
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕia²¹³/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: щя (xi͡a, II)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕia⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: haa⁶
  - Yale: hah
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haa⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ha⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haː²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ha⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ha³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: ha⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ha¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha
  - Hakka Romanization System: ha
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ha⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: ha^˖
  - Sinological IPA: /ha³³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ha⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ha⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: xia³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕia⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hā
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xa⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hâ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑ²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hē
  - Tâi-lô: hē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: he
  - IPA (Xiamen): /he²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /he⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /he³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā
  - Tâi-lô: hā
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ha
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ha³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ha⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe
  - Tâi-lô: hēe
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²/

Note:

hē/hēe - vernacular;
hā/hēe - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: hê⁷
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hē
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /he¹¹/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶gho; ⁶ya
  - MiniDict: gho^去; ya^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hho; ³hhia
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦo²³/, /ɦia²³/

Note:

3hho - vernacular;
3hhia - literary.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: xia⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯a̠²¹/

Middle Chinese: haeH

Rime
Character	夏
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡駕切
Baxter	haeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠa^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚa^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣa^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaɨ^H/
Li Rong	/ɣa^H/
Wang Li	/ɣa^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣa^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xià
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haa⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤraʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	夏
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xià
Middle Chinese	‹ hæ^H ›
Old Chinese	/[ɡ]ˁraʔ/ (~ [ɡ]ˁraʔ-s)
English	summer
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	夏
Reading #	2/2
No.	13454
Phonetic component	夏
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	暇
Old Chinese	/*ɡraːs/

Definitions

夏

summer (season)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 夏天 (“summer”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		夏, 夏日, 夏時, 畏景
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		夏天, 夏季, 夏日
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	夏天, 夏景天兒
	Taiwan	夏天
	Chengde	夏天
	Chifeng	夏天
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	夏天
	Heihe	夏天
	Qiqihar	夏天
	Harbin	夏天
	Wuchang (Yingchengzi)	夏天
	Jiamusi	夏天
	Baicheng	夏天
	Changchun	夏天
	Tonghua	夏天
	Shenyang	夏天
	Jinzhou	夏天
	Singapore	夏天
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	夏天, 熱天, 夏景天兒
	Tangshan	夏天
	Cangzhou	夏天, 熱天, 伏天
	Xianxian (Xiaoying)	熱天
	Baoding	夏天
	Shijiazhuang	夏天
	Lijin	夏天
	Jinan	夏天
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	夏天, 夏季天兒
	Dandong	夏天
	Yantai	夏天, 伏天
	Yantai (Muping)	伏天, 六月兒天
	Qingdao	夏天, 伏天
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	夏天, 熱天
	Lingbao	夏天
	Jining	夏天
	Wanrong	熱天, 熱月天, 熱月時候
	Shangqiu	夏天
	Yuanyang	夏天
	Zhengzhou	夏天
	Xinyang	夏天
	Baihe	夏天, 熱天
	Xi'an	夏天, 夏裡
	Dingbian	夏天, 夏裡
	Baoji	夏天, 熱天
	Tianshui	夏天
	Xining	夏天, 夏月天
	Xuzhou	夏天, 熱天
	Fuyang	夏天
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	夏天
	Yongning (Najiahu)	夏天, 熱天
	Lanzhou	夏天, 夏月天
	Dunhuang	夏天
	Hami	夏天
	Ürümqi	夏天
	Ürümqi (Xigou)	夏天
	Ürümqi (Changshanzi)	夏天
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	夏天, 夏天家
	Nanchong	夏天
	Dazhou	夏天, 熱天
	Hanyuan	夏天, 熱天
	Xichang	夏天
	Zigong	夏天, 熱天
	Muli	夏天
	Chongqing	夏天兒, 熱天
	Wuhan	夏天, 熱天, 夏季, 熱季
	Yichang	夏天, 熱天
	Xiangyang	夏天, 熱天
	Tianmen	夏天, 熱天
	Guiyang	夏天, 熱天
	Zunyi	夏天, 夏天家
	Bijie	熱天家
	Liping	夏天
	Zhaotong	夏天
	Dali	熱天
	Kunming	夏天
	Mengzi	夏天
	Guilin	夏天
	Liuzhou	熱天, 夏天
	Nanning (Wuming)	熱天, 夏天
	Hechi (Yizhou)	熱天, 夏天
	Luocheng (Dongmen)	熱天, 夏天
	Tianlin (Langping)	夏天
	Jishou	夏天, 熱天
	Changde	夏天
	Hanzhong	夏天, 熱天
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	熱天, 雨水天
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	夏天, 熱天
	Yangzhou	夏天
	Lianyungang	夏天
	Lianshui	夏天
	Nantong	夏天
	Anqing	夏天, 熱天
	Wuhu	夏天
	Hefei	夏天
	Hong'an	夏天, 熱天道, 熱季
Cantonese	Guangzhou	熱天, 夏天
	Hong Kong	夏天, 熱天
	Taishan	熱天
	Taishan (Guanghai)	夏天
	Dongguan	夏天
	Guiping (Jiangkou)	熱天, 夏天
	Guiping (Madong)	熱天, 夏天
	Baise	熱天
	Mandalay (Taishan)	夏天
Gan	Nanchang	夏天, 熱天
	Pengze	熱天
	Lichuan	熱天
	Pingxiang	熱天
Hakka	Meixian	熱天, 夏天
	Xingning	熱天
	Huidong (Daling)	熱天
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	熱天
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	天熱
	Changting	暍天
	Wuping	熱天頭
	Wuping (Pingyu)	熱天頭
	Liancheng	夏天
	Liancheng (Peitian)	夏天
	Ninghua	熱天
	Yudu	夏天, 熱天
	Ruijin	熱天
	Shicheng	熱天
	Shangyou (Shexi)	熱天
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	熱天
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	熱天
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	熱天
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	熱天
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	熱天
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	熱天
	Bobai (Shahe)	夏天
	Bobai (Longtan)	夏天
	Bobai (Lingping)	熱天
	Beiliu (Gonghe, Xilang)	夏天
	Xingye (Gaofeng)	天熱天
	Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui)	夏天
	Pingle (Tong'an)	夏天
	Yangshuo (Jinbao)	夏天
	Pontianak (Meixian)	熱天
Huizhou	Jixi	夏場子
Huizhou	Shexian	夏天
Jin	Taiyuan	夏天, 夏景天
	Taiyuan (Jiancaoping)	夏裡
	Taiyuan (Jinyuan)	夏天
	Pingyao	夏景天
	Yangyuan	夏天, 夏裡
	Datong	夏天
	Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou)	夏天, 夏哩
	Xinzhou	夏兒, 夏金天, 夏天, 夏景天
	Lüliang (Lishi)	夏天
	Changzhi	夏天
	Linhe	夏天, 夏天上
	Jining	夏天
	Hohhot	夏天
	Erenhot	夏天
	Pingshan	夏天
	Zhangjiakou	夏天
	Handan	夏天
	Linzhou	夏天
	Suide	夏上
Northern Min	Jian'ou	夏天, 熱天, 熱天時
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	熱天
	Fuqing	熱天
	Fuding	六月天
	Matsu	夏季, 夏季天
Southern Min	Xiamen	熱天, 熱儂, 六月天
	Quanzhou	熱天, 熱儂, 熱毒儂, 六月天
	Zhangzhou	熱天, 熱冬, 六月天
	Zhao'an	夏天, 熱天
	Taipei	夏天, 熱儂, 熱天
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	夏仔
	Kaohsiung	夏天, 熱儂, 熱天
	Yilan	夏天, 熱儂, 熱天
	Changhua (Lukang)	熱儂, 熱天
	Taichung	熱天
	Tainan	夏天, 熱儂, 熱天
	Hsinchu	夏天, 熱天儂
	Kinmen	夏天, 熱天
	Penghu (Magong)	夏天, 熱天, 熱儂
	Penang (Hokkien)	夏天
	Singapore (Hokkien)	熱天
	Manila (Hokkien)	熱儂
	Guiping (Xiaowen)	夏天, 熱天
	Guiping (Dongsheng)	夏天
	Guilin (Biyange)	夏天
	Chaozhou	熱天時
	Shantou	熱天
	Shantou (Chenghai)	熱天時, 熱天
	Haifeng	熱天時
	Haikou	熱天
	Qionghai	熱天
Puxian Min	Putian	熱天, 六月天
Puxian Min	Xianyou	熱天, 六月天
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	熱天
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Wutong, Lingui)	夏天, 熱天
	Guilin (Liutang, Lingui)	夏天
	Lingchuan (Sanjie)	熱天, 夏天
	Lingchuan (Shuangzhou)	夏天
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	熱天
Wu	Shanghai	夏天, 熱天
	Shanghai (Chongming)	夏裡, 夏天, 夏場裡
	Suzhou	夏天, 熱天
	Danyang	夏天, 夏天頭
	Hangzhou	夏天
	Ningbo	夏天價
	Wenzhou	天色熱, 五六月, 六月天
	Jinhua	夏天, 熱天, 六月天
	Jinhua (Tangxi)	六月, 六月天
Xiang	Changsha	熱天, 熱天子, 夏天
Xiang	Loudi	熱天, 熱天子

Compounds

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiǎ (jia³)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gaa²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiǎ
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎ
  - Wade–Giles: chia³
  - Yale: jyǎ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jea
  - Palladius: цзя (czja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gaa²
  - Yale: gá
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaa²
  - Guangdong Romanization: ga²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaː³⁵/

Definitions

夏

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 檟 / 槚 (jiǎ)
Used in 陽夏／阳夏.

Compounds

夏楚
陽夏 / 阳夏

References

“夏”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00837

Japanese

Kanji

夏

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Go-on: げ (ge, Jōyō ^†)
Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
Kun: なつ (natsu, 夏, Jōyō)

Compounds

華(か)夏(か) (Kaka)
夏(げ)時(し) (geshi)
夏(か)朝(ちょう) (Kachō, “Xia Dynasty”)
夏(か)炉(ろ)冬(とう)扇(せん) (karo tōsen, “summer fires, winter fans; useless things”)
夏(げ)至(し) (geshi)
夏(げ)臘(ろう), 夏(げ)﨟(ろう) (gerō)
昨(さっ)夏(か) (sakka, “last summer”)
春(しゅん)夏(か)秋(しゅう)冬(とう) (shunka shūtō)
初(しょ)夏(か) (shoka, “beginning summer”)
消(しょう)夏(か), 銷(しょう)夏(か) (shōka)
盛(せい)夏(か) (seika)
冬(とう)扇(せん)夏(か)炉(ろ) (tōsen karo)
晩(ばん)夏(か) (banka, “ending summer”)
孟(もう)夏(か) (mōka)
立(りっ)夏(か) (rikka, “first day of summer”)
冷(れい)夏(か) (reika)
解(げ)夏(げ) (gege)
結(けつ)夏(げ) (ketsuge)
半(はん)夏(げ) (hange)

Etymology 1

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

夏

Wikipedia ^ja

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Summer

Wikipedia

Kanji in this term
夏
なつ Grade: 2
kun'yomi

/natu/ → /nat͡su/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *natu.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) なつ [nàtsúꜜ] (Odaka – [2])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [na̠t͡sɨ]
Audio: (file)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
夏
げ Grade: 2
goon

From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC haeH). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

Also used in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ge₁⟩.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) げ [géꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ɡe̞]

Noun

夏(げ) • (ge)

(Buddhism) summer according to the lunisolar calendar; the ninety days starting from the sixteenth day of the fourth month until the fifteenth day of the seventh month

Derived terms

夏(げ)解(あき), 夏(げ)明(あ)き (geaki)
夏(げ)安(あん)居(ご) (geango)

Etymology 3

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

夏 (三代)

Wikipedia ^ja

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Xia dynasty

Wikipedia

Kanji in this term
夏
か Grade: 2
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC haeX).

The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

Proper noun

夏(か) • (Ka)

the Xia dynasty (first dynasty of China)
Short for 大夏 (Daika): Xia, one of the Sixteen Kingdoms
Short for 西夏 (Seika): Western Xia, an empire during the Song dynasty
a surname
a male or female given name

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC haeH).

Historical readings

Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅡᆼ〮 (Yale: hhá) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Recorded as Middle Korean 하 (ha) (Yale: ha) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ha̠(ː)]
Phonetic hangul: [하(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

夏

Wikisource

夏 (eumhun 여름 하 (yeoreum ha))

hanja form^? of 하 (“summer”)

Compounds

금하 (今夏, geumha, “this summer”)
동충하초 (冬蟲夏草, dongchunghacho, “Cordyceps”)
춘하추동 (春夏秋冬, chunhachudong, “the four seasons”)
하계 (夏季, hagye, “summer season”)
하복 (夏服, habok, “summer clothes”)
하절 (夏節, hajeol, “summer season”)

Coordinate terms

춘 (春, chun, “spring”)
추 (秋, chu, “fall; autumn”)
동 (冬, dong, “winter”)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]