山

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See also: Ш, ш, and ש‎
山 U+5C71, 山
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5C71
← 屰
[U+5C70] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 屲 →
[U+5C72]
⼭ U+2F2D, ⼭
KANGXI RADICAL MOUNTAIN
← ⼬
[U+2F2C] 		Kangxi Radicals ⼮ →
[U+2F2E]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
Stroke order
(cursive)

Han character[edit]

See images of
Radical 46 山

山 (Kangxi radical 46, 山+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 山 (U), four-corner 22770, composition ⿶凵丨)

  1. Kangxi radical #46, ⼭.

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 307, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7869
  • Dae Jaweon: page 604, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 759, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+5C71

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 山
alternative forms 𠙸
𡶸
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 山
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (山) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
山 *sreːn
疝 *sreːn, *sraːns
邖 *sreːn
汕 *sreːnʔ, *sraːns
訕 *sraːn, *sraːns
仙 *sen
秈 *sen
苮 *sen
屾 *srin

Pictogram (象形) – three mountain peaks. In the Oracle Bone Script, they were represented by triangles rather than vertical strokes. Compare 丘 (qiū), particularly earlier forms.

Etymology[edit]

Unclear – cognates not known outside Sino-Bai. Cognate with Central Bai svrt (“mountain”) (< Proto-Bai *sro⁴).

Baxter and Sagart (2014) propose that it is derived from a root *ŋ(ˤ)rar (“slope, nearly vertical side”) that also derives 巘 (OC *ŋ(r)ar(ʔ), “hill”), 涯 (OC *ŋˤrar, “river bank”), 顏 (OC *C.ŋˤrar, “forehead”).

Starostin compares it with Kayan sʰôn (“mountain”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • soaⁿ - vernacular;
  • san - literary.
Note:
  • suan1 - vernacular;
  • sang1 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 山
    Mandarin Beijing /ʂan⁵⁵/
    Harbin /ʂan⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /san²¹/
    Jinan /ʂã²¹³/
    Qingdao /ʂã²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /ʂan²⁴/
    Xi'an /sã²¹/
    Xining /sã⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /ʂan⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /ʂɛ̃n³¹/
    Ürümqi /san⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /san⁵⁵/
    Chengdu /san⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /san⁵⁵/
    Kunming /ʂã̠⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /ʂaŋ³¹/
    Hefei /ʂæ̃²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /sæ̃¹¹/
    Pingyao /sɑŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /sæ̃³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /se⁵³/
    Suzhou /se̞⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /sẽ̞³³/
    Wenzhou /sa³³/
    Hui Shexian /sɛ³¹/
    Tunxi /sɔ¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /san³³/
    Xiangtan /san³³/
    Gan Nanchang /san⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /san⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /sɑm²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /san⁵³/
    Nanning /san⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /san⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /san⁵⁵/
    /suã⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /saŋ⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /suiŋ⁵⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /suã³³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /saŋ²³/
    /tua²³/
    Rime
    Character 山
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 生 (21)
    Final (韻) 山 (73)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 所閒切
    Baxter srean
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ʃˠɛn/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʃᵚæn/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ʃæn/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʂəɨn/
    Li
    Rong         		/ʃɛn/
    Wang
    Li         		/ʃæn/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʂăn/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		shān
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		saan1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 山
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		shān
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ srɛn ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*s-ŋrar/
    English mountain, hill

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 山
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 11052
    Phonetic
    component         		山
    Rime
    group         		元
    Rime
    subdivision         		2
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		山
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sreːn/

    Definitions[edit]

    山

    1. (countable) mountain; hill (Classifier: 座 m c; 粒 mn)
      登山  ―  dēngshān  ―  to climb a mountain
    2. hill-shaped object
      冰山  ―  bīngshān  ―  iceberg
    3. bundled straw in which silkworms spin cocoons
    4. gable
    5. (Cantonese, Liuzhou Mandarin, Pinghua) tomb; grave (Classifier: 個／个 c)
    6. a surname. Shan

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 山 (“mountain; hill”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 山
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 山
    Mandarin Beijing 山
    Taiwan 山
    Tianjin 山
    Chengde 山
    Tangshan 山
    Cangzhou 山
    Xianxian (Xiaoying) 山
    Baoding 山
    Shijiazhuang 山
    Chifeng 山
    Hulunbuir (Hailar) 山
    Heihe 山
    Qiqihar 山
    Harbin 山
    Jiamusi 山
    Baicheng 山
    Changchun 山
    Tonghua 山
    Shenyang 山
    Dandong 山
    Jinzhou 山
    Dalian 山
    Yantai 山
    Yantai (Muping) 山
    Qingdao 山
    Lijin 山
    Zhucheng 山
    Jinan 山
    Jining 山
    Luoyang 山
    Shangqiu 山
    Yuanyang 山
    Zhengzhou 山
    Lingbao 山
    Xinyang 山
    Ankang 山
    Ankang (Xianhe) 山
    Baihe 山
    Baihe (Maoping) 山
    Shiquan 山
    Ziyang 山
    Hanzhong 山
    Xi'an 山
    Dingbian 山
    Baoji 山
    Yinchuan 山
    Wuzhong 山
    Yanchi 山
    Zhongwei 山
    Guyuan 山
    Longde 山
    Jingyuan 山
    Tianshui 山
    Lanzhou 山
    Dunhuang 山
    Xining 山
    Hami 山
    Ürümqi 山
    Wuhan 山
    Yichang 山
    Xiangyang 山
    Tianmen 山
    Hong'an 山
    Chengdu 山
    Nanchong 山
    Dazhou 山
    Hanyuan 山
    Xichang 山
    Zigong 山
    Chongqing 山
    Guiyang 山
    Zunyi 山
    Bijie 山
    Liping 山
    Zhaotong 山
    Dali 山
    Kunming 山
    Mengzi 山
    Lancang 山
    Guilin 山
    Pingle 山
    Liuzhou 山
    Luzhai 山
    Nanning (Xiakuojie) 山
    Nanning (Fujian) 山, 嶺
    Nanning (Wuming) 山, 嶺
    Binyang (Nanjie) 山
    Yizhou 山, 嶺
    Luocheng (Dongmen) 山
    Tianlin (Langping) 山
    Jishou 山
    Changde 山
    Yongzhou 山
    Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) 山
    Anqing 山
    Xuzhou 山
    Fuyang 山
    Wuhu 山
    Yangzhou 山
    Lianyungang 山
    Lianshui 山
    Nanjing 山
    Hefei 山
    Nantong 山
    Singapore 山
    Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 山
    Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) 山
    Dagudi (Maliba) 山
    Reshuitang (Longling) 山
    Mae Salong (Lancang) 山
    Mae Sai (Tengchong) 山
    Pematangsiantar 山
    Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) 山
    Cantonese Guangzhou 山
    Hong Kong 山
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 山
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 山
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 山
    Macau 山
    Zhongshan (Chongkoumen Tanka) 山
    Taishan 山
    Taishan (Guanghai) 山
    Shenzhen (Luohu) 山頭
    Yangjiang 山, 山頭
    Nanning 山, 嶺
    Wuzhou 山, 界, 嶺 mound
    Yulin 山, 嶺
    Rongxian 山
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 嶺頭, 山, 嶺
    Hepu (Shatian) 山
    Guiping (Jintian) 山
    Guiping (Jiangkou) 山, 嶺
    Guiping (Madong) 山, 嶺
    Baise 山
    Qinzhou 山, 嶺, 山嶺
    Qinzhou (Changtan) 山, 嶺
    Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) 嶺頭
    Beihai 山, 嶺 small
    Beihai (Nankang) 山
    Beihai (Yingpan) 山
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 山 large, 嶺 small
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 山
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 山
    Lingchuan (Yangjia) 山
    Sanya (Yanglan Maihua) 山
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 山
    Singapore (Guangfu) 山
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 山
    Móng Cái 山 large, 嶺 small
    Mandalay (Taishan) 山
    Bangkok (Guangfu) 山
    Betong (Rongxian) 山
    Gan Nanchang 山
    Pengze 山
    Lichuan 山
    Pingxiang 山
    Ankang (Niuti) 山
    Hakka Meixian 山, 嶺
    Dabu (Xihe) 山
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 嶺崗
    Shenzhen (Luohu) 嶺崗
    Wuhua (Huacheng) 山
    Heyuan (Bendihua) 山
    Wengyuan 山 large, 嶺 small
    Nanxiong (Zhuji) 嶺
    Liannan 嶺
    Jiexi 山
    Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 山
    Changting 嶺
    Wuping (Yanqian) 嶺崗
    Ninghua 山
    Yudu 山, 嶺, 崠
    Ningdu 嶺, 山
    Tonggu (Sandu) 嶺, 山
    Ganzhou (Panlong) 嶺
    Dayu 嶺
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 山
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 山
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 山
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 山
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 山
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 山
    Nantou (Guoxing; Lufeng) 斜
    Hong Kong 山崗, 嶺崗
    Yangxi (Tangkou) 山
    Yangchun (Sanjia) 嶺
    Xinyi (Sihe) 山
    Xinyi (Qianpai) 山
    Gaozhou (Xindong) 嶺崗
    Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) 嶺
    Huazhou (Xin'an) 山, 嶺
    Lianjiang (Shijiao) 嶺, 山
    Lianjiang (Qingping) 嶺
    Mengshan (Xihe) 嶺
    Luchuan 嶺, 山
    Bobai (Shahe) 山
    Bobai (Longtan) 山
    Bobai (Lingping) 嶺頭
    Beiliu (Gonghe) 山
    Xingye (Gaofeng) 山
    Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) 山
    Lipu (Shuangduitun) 山 rock, 嶺 soil
    Pingle (Tong'an) 山, 嶺
    Kuala Lumpur (Dabu) 山
    Senai (Huiyang) 山
    Singkawang 崠, 山崠
    Bangkok (Meixian) 山
    Bangkok (Jiexi) 山
    Huizhou Jixi 山
    Shexian 山
    Shexian (Xianggao) 山
    Shexian (Daguyun) 山
    Jin Taiyuan 山
    Pingyao 山
    Yangyuan 山
    Datong 山
    Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou) 山
    Xinzhou 山
    Lishi 山
    Linfen 山
    Changzhi 山
    Linhe 山
    Jining 山
    Liangcheng 山
    Hohhot 山
    Erenhot 山
    Pingshan 山
    Zhangjiakou 山
    Handan 山
    Linzhou 山
    Suide 山
    Jiuxing Yumin Lanxi 山
    Min Bei Jian'ou 山
    Min Dong Fuzhou 山
    Min Nan Xiamen 山
    Quanzhou 山
    Yongchun 山
    Zhangzhou 山
    Dongshan 山
    Tainan 山
    Penang (Hokkien) 山
    Singapore (Hokkien) 山
    Manila (Hokkien) 山
    Pingnan (Pingtian) 山
    Guiping (Xiaowen) 山
    Guiping (Dongsheng) 山
    Guilin (Biyange) 山
    Shantou 山
    Shantou (Chenghai) 山
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 山
    Jieyang 山
    Bangkok (Teochew) 山巴
    Chiang Mai (Teochew) 山
    Hat Yai (Teochew) 山
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 山
    Singapore (Teochew) 山
    Leizhou 山
    Haikou 山
    Puxian Min Putian 山
    Putian (Donghai) 山
    Putian (Jiangkou) 山
    Putian (Nanri) 山
    Xianyou 山
    Xianyou (Fengting) 山
    Xianyou (Youyang) 山
    Min Zhong Yong'an 山
    Yanping (Wangtai) 山
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 山
    Nanning (Silian) 山, 嶺
    Nanning (Xiuxiang) 山
    Binyang 山
    Hengzhou (Baihe) 嶺
    Chongzuo (Laituan) 山
    Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dabu) 山
    Guilin (Qianjing) 山, 山頭頭
    Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) 山
    Guilin (Liangjiang, Lingui) 山
    Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) 山, 嶺
    Lingchuan (Sanjie) 山, 嶺
    Lingchuan (Gaoqiao) 山
    Lingchuan (Shuangzhou) 山
    Guanyang (Guanyinge) 山
    Liucheng (Yangmei) 山
    Luocheng (Niubi) 山
    Shehua Fu'an 山
    Fuding 山
    Luoyuan 山
    Sanming 山
    Shunchang 山
    Hua'an 山
    Guixi (Zhangping) 山
    Cangnan 山
    Jingning 山
    Lishui 山
    Longyou 山
    Jiande 山
    Chaozhou 山
    Fengshun 山
    Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 山
    Yuanling (Shaojiwan) 山
    Luxi (Liangjiatan) 山木
    Chengbu (Xuntou) 山
    Wu Shanghai 山
    Shanghai (Chongming) 山
    Suzhou 山
    Danyang 山
    Hangzhou 山
    Hangzhou (Fuyang) 山
    Ningbo 山
    Wenzhou 山
    Jinhua 山
    Xiang Changsha 山
    Xiangxiang 山
    Loudi 山
    Hengshan 嶺
    Hengshan (Baiguo) 嶺
    Qinglong (Changliu Laba Miao) 山包, 山包包
    Dialectal synonyms of 墳 (“grave”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 墳墓, 墳
    Mandarin Beijing 墳
    Harbin 墳
    Yantai (Muping) 墳
    Jinan 墳
    Luoyang 墳, 墳地, 塋地, 墳墓
    Wanrong 墳, 墓
    Xi'an 墳, 墓
    Yinchuan 墳塋
    Ürümqi 墳
    Wuhan 墳
    Chengdu 墳, 墳墓
    Chongqing 墳, 墳墓
    Guiyang 墳, 墳墓 large
    Guilin 墳
    Liuzhou 墳, 山
    Xuzhou 墳墓, 墳
    Yangzhou 墳, 墳攤, 墳攤堆子
    Nanjing 墳
    Hefei 墳堰
    Changle (Qinjiang) 墳
    Singapore 墓, 墳墓
    Dagudi (Maliba) 墳堆
    Reshuitang (Longling) 墳堆
    Mae Salong (Lancang) 墳堆
    Mae Sai (Tengchong) 墳
    Cantonese Guangzhou 山墳, 山, 墳
    Hong Kong 山墳, 墳, 墓, 墳墓
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 墳頭
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 墳頭
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 墳頭
    Macau 墳墓
    Taishan (Guanghai) 墳墓
    Dongguan 墓
    Yangjiang 山, 墳山
    Maoming (Xinpo) 墳山
    Nanning 墳山
    Wuzhou 墳山
    Yulin 墳山
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 墳山, 山
    Hepu (Shatian) 山
    Beihai 墳, 山
    Beihai (Nankang) 墳
    Beihai (Yingpan) 山, 墳山
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 墳墓, 墳頭, 墳山
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 墳墓, 墳山
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 墳墓
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 山墳, 義山
    Singapore (Guangfu) 墳墓
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 山墳
    Móng Cái 墳墓
    Mandalay (Taishan) 墳山, 墳墓
    Gan Nanchang 墳
    Lichuan 墳, 墳塋 large
    Hakka Meixian 地, 墓
    Xingning 泥壠 first burial, 地 second burial
    Huidong (Daling) 地
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 墳頭
    Wuhua (Huacheng) 地, 地墳
    Heyuan (Bendihua) 地
    Wengyuan 地墳
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 地
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 地 second burial
    Liannan 墳
    Jiexi 地
    Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 地
    Changting 地
    Wuping 地
    Wuping (Yanqian) 地, 死佬
    Wuping (Pingyu) 地
    Liancheng 地
    Ninghua 地
    Yudu 地
    Ruijin 地, 風水
    Shicheng 地
    Shangyou (Shexi) 地
    Tonggu (Sandu) 墳, 地
    Ganzhou (Panlong) 地
    Dayu 地
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 風水
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 風水
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 風水
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 風水
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 風水
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 地, 風水
    Hong Kong 墳頭
    Yangxi (Tangkou) 山
    Yangchun (Sanjia) 山, 山頭
    Xinyi (Sihe) 山地
    Xinyi (Qianpai) 墳山
    Gaozhou (Xindong) 墳地
    Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) 墳山
    Huazhou (Xin'an) 墳地
    Lianjiang (Shijiao) 墳, 墳地
    Lianjiang (Qingping) 墳, 地 without a body buried
    Mengshan (Xihe) 墳地
    Luchuan 山
    Senai (Huiyang) 墳, 風水, 義山
    Senai (Hepo) 墳墓, 地 dated
    Singkawang 地, 地門堂
    Pontianak (Meixian) 地
    Jin Taiyuan 墳, 墓
    Min Bei Jian'ou 塚
    Jian'ou (Dikou) 塚
    Songxi 塚
    Zhenghe 塚
    Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 塚
    Jianyang 塚
    Wuyishan 塚
    Pucheng (Shibei) 塚
    Min Dong Fuzhou 墓
    Changle 墓
    Lianjiang 墓
    Fuqing 墓
    Pingtan 墓
    Yongtai 墓
    Minqing 墓
    Gutian 地, 墓
    Pingnan 墓
    Luoyuan 墓
    Fu'an 墓
    Ningde 墓
    Xiapu 墓
    Zherong 墓
    Shouning 墓
    Zhouning 墓
    Fuding 墓
    Min Nan Xiamen 墓, 墓仔, 風水
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 墓
    Quanzhou 墓, 風水
    Jinjiang 墓
    Nan'an 墓
    Shishi 墓
    Hui'an 墓
    Anxi 墓
    Yongchun 墓
    Dehua 墓
    Zhangzhou 墓, 墓仔, 風水
    Zhangzhou (Longhai) 墓
    Zhangzhou (Changtai) 墓
    Hua'an 墓
    Nanjing 墓
    Pinghe 墓仔
    Zhangpu 墓
    Yunxiao 墓
    Zhao'an 墓
    Dongshan 墓
    Tainan 墓, 風水
    Kinmen 墓
    Penang (Hokkien) 墓
    Singapore (Hokkien) 墓, 墓地, 公司山 dated
    Manila (Hokkien) 墓, 風水
    Longyan 墓
    Zhangping 墓
    Datian 墓
    Chaozhou 墳, 風水
    Lufeng 風水
    Haifeng 風水
    Bangkok (Teochew) 墳, 義山
    Chiang Mai (Teochew) 墳
    Hat Yai (Teochew) 墳
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 墳, 義山
    Singapore (Teochew) 墳
    Leizhou 墓
    Haikou 墓
    Puxian Min Putian 墓
    Xianyou 墓
    Min Zhong Yong'an 墳
    Sanyuan 墳
    Shaxian 墳
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 墳墓, 山
    Shehua Fu'an 墓
    Fuding 墓
    Luoyuan 墳
    Sanming 墳
    Shunchang 墳
    Hua'an 墳
    Guixi (Zhangping) 墳
    Cangnan 墳
    Jingning 墳
    Lishui 墳
    Longyou 墳
    Chaozhou 墳
    Fengshun 墳
    Wu Shanghai 墳, 墳墓, 墓
    Shanghai (Chongming) 墳
    Suzhou 墳
    Danyang 墳墓
    Hangzhou 墳
    Ningbo 墳, 墓
    Wenzhou 墳
    Yiwu 墳頭
    Xiang Changsha 墳
    Loudi 墳, 墓
    Shuangfeng 墳, 墓
    Jiangyong 祖

    See also[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (山):
    • → Japanese: 山(さん) (san)
    • → Korean: 산(山) (san)
    • → Vietnamese: sơn (山)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    山

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    山
    やま
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    English Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia

    From Old Japanese. First cited in the Kojiki of 712.[1]

    Reconstructed as deriving in turn from Proto-Japonic *yama (“forest; mountain”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • Audio(file)

    Noun[edit]

    山(やま) • (yama) 

    1. a mountain (large mass of earth and rock) or (large) hill
    2. a mine (excavation usually consisting of small tunnels)
      Synonym: 鉱山 (kōzan)
    3. a heap, pile
    4. the top or high part of an object
      ねじ山(やま)
      nejiyama
      thread of a screw
      帽(ぼう)子(し)の山(やま)
      bōshi no yama
      crown of a hat
    5. a climax, peak
      Synonyms: クライマックス (kuraimakkusu), 絶頂 (zetchō)
    6. a chance, gamble
    7. a guess, speculation
    8. a crime, criminal case
      Synonym: 犯罪事件 (hanzai jiken)
    9. mountain climbing, mountaineering
      Synonym: 山登り (yamanobori)
    10. Short for 山鉾 (yamaboko): a festival float usually decorated with a 鉾 (hoko)
    11. (colloquial) Mount Hiei and/or Enryaku-ji
      Antonym: 寺 (tera)
    12. (mahjong) a wall, wall tile
    13. (informal) the △ symbol as used to mark what needs to be reviewed in study
      やまを張(は)る
      yama o haru
      to mark what needs to be reviewed
      はった山(やま)が当(あ)たった。
      Hatta yama ga atatta.
      My selection of what I needed to review for the test was correct.
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms
    Idioms[edit]
    Idioms
    Proverbs[edit]
    Proverbs

    Prefix[edit]

    山(やま) • (yama-) 

    1. prefix for species that are wild or residing in mountains
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Counter[edit]

    山(やま) • (-yama) 

    1. counter for number of stock rise and fall like a mountain (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
    2. counter for number of mountains, forests and/or mines
    Derived terms[edit]

    Proper noun[edit]

    山(やま) • (Yama) 

    1. a surname

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    山
    さん
    Grade: 1
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 山 (MC ʃˠɛn).

    Sometimes spelled with rendaku (連濁), as -zan.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Suffix[edit]

    山(さん) • (-san) 

    1. Mount, Mt.
      1. suffix for names of mountains
      2. suffix for a temple's honorific mountain name (山号 (sangō))
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Affix[edit]

    山(さん) • (san) 

    1. mountain
    2. mine
    3. temple, temple ground
    4. Short for 比叡山 (Hieizan): Mount Hiei

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    山
    むれ
    Grade: 1
    irregular
    Alternative spelling
    牟礼

    From Old Japanese, itself apparently a borrowing from Old Korean.[2][4][5] See Korean 뫼 (moe) for more.

    The phonetic man'yōgana spelling 牟礼 for mure appears first in the Kojiki of 720, but instead for the stem of verb 群れる (mureru, “to group together”).[6] The first instance of this spelling for the mountain sense is in the Heian period, in different 日本書紀私記 (Nihon Shoki Shiki) versions, themselves recompilations of the Nihon Shoki.[4] This reading with this sense apparently arises from the traditional 訓読 (kundoku) of a particular section of the Nihon Shoki, where the written word 山 is read as mure with an apparent meaning of mountain or hill.[4][7]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    山(むれ) • (mure) 

    1. (historical, Ancient Korea) mountain, hill
      Synonyms: (general term) 山 (yama, “mountain”), (general term) 丘 (oka, “hill”)

    References[edit]

    1. ^ “山”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 “牟礼・山”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
    5. ^ “山”, in デジタル大辞泉 (Dejitaru Daijisen)‎[3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
    6. ^ “群”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎[4] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
    7. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, entry online here

    Kikai[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    山

    Etymology[edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

    Noun[edit]

    山 (hiragana やま, rōmaji yama)

    1. mountain

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 山 (MC ʃˠɛn). Recorded as Middle Korean 산 (san) (Yale: san) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    山 (eumhun 메/뫼 산 (me/moe san))

    1. Hanja form? of 산 (“mountain”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [6]

    Kunigami[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    山

    Etymology[edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

    Noun[edit]

    山 (hiragana やまー, rōmaji yamā)

    1. mountain

    Miyako[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    山

    Etymology[edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

    Noun[edit]

    山 (hiragana やま, rōmaji yama)

    1. mountain

    Northern Amami-Oshima[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    山

    Etymology[edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

    Noun[edit]

    山 (hiragana やま, rōmaji yama)

    1. mountain

    Oki-No-Erabu[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    山

    Etymology[edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

    Noun[edit]

    山 (hiragana やま, rōmaji yama)

    1. mountain

    Okinawan[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    山

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

    Noun[edit]

    山 (hiragana やま, rōmaji yama)

    1. mountain

    Old Japanese[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Proto-Japonic *yama.

    Noun[edit]

    山 (yama) (kana やま)

    1. a mountain
      • 711–712, Kojiki (poem 31)
        伊能知能麻多祁牟比登波多多美許母弊具理能夜麻能久麻加志賀波袁宇受爾佐勢曾能古
        ino2ti no2 matake1mu pi1to2 pa tatami1ko2mo2 Pe1guri-no2-yama no2 kumakasi no2 pa wo uzu ni sase so2no2 ko1
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    2. a forested area of a mountain for harvesting, hunting, etc.
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 4, poem 779)
        板盖之黑木乃屋根者山近之明日取而持將參來
        itapuki1 no2 kuro1ki2 no2 yane pa yama tikasi asu no2 pi1 to2rite motimawiriko2mu
        Since the mountains are close by, tomorrow I will cut down and bring you rough logs for your wooden roof.[1]
    Descendants[edit]
    • Japanese: 山 (yama)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Borrowed from Old Korean.[2][3]

    Compare Middle Korean 뫼 (mwoy).

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    山 (mure) (kana むれ)

    1. a hill or mountain
      • 720, Nihon Shoki (Empress Jingū, entry 19: 49th year of the second month, spring)
        唯千熊長彥與百濟王、至于百濟國、登辟支山盟之、復登古沙山、共居磐石上。
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    Usage notes[edit]

    No known Early Middle Japanese dictionaries attest the mure spelling phonetically, the earliest being found in the Mito-bon Hei Nihongi Shiki (1678).

    Descendants[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ Paula Doe; Yakamochi Ōtomo (1982) A Warbler's Song in the Dusk: The Life and Work of Ōtomo Yakamochi (718-785), illustrated edition, University of California Press, →ISBN, page 106
    2. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

    Southern Amami-Oshima[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    山

    Etymology[edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

    Noun[edit]

    山 (hiragana やま, rōmaji yama)

    1. mountain

    Toku-No-Shima[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    山

    Etymology[edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

    Noun[edit]

    山 (hiragana やま, rōmaji yama)

    1. mountain

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    山: Hán Việt readings: sơn[1][2][3], san[3]
    山: Nôm readings: sơn[1][2], san[2][4]

    1. chữ Hán form of sơn (“mountain”).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
    4. ^ Hồ (1976).

    Yaeyama[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    山

    Etymology[edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

    Noun[edit]

    山 (hiragana やま, rōmaji yama)

    1. mountain

    Yonaguni[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    山

    Etymology[edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

    Noun[edit]

    山 (hiragana だま, rōmaji dama)

    1. mountain

    Yoron[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    山

    Etymology[edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

    Noun[edit]

    山 (hiragana やま, rōmaji yama)

    1. mountain
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