形

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See also: 彤 and 刑
形 U+5F62, 形
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F62
← 彡
[U+5F61] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 彣 →
[U+5F63]

形 U+2F899, 形
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F899
← 𦇚
[U+2F898] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 彫 →
[U+2F89A]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
7 strokes

Han character[edit]

形 (Kangxi radical 59, 彡+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 一廿竹竹竹 (MTHHH), four-corner 12422, composition ⿰开彡)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 363, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9969
  • Dae Jaweon: page 681, character 25
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 852, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+5F62

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 形
alternative forms 𢒈

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 形
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (井) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
硎 *kʰreːŋ, *ɡeːŋ
耕 *kreːŋ
荊 *keŋ
井 *skeŋʔ
丼 *kl'oːmʔ, *skeŋʔ
妌 *sɡeŋʔ
穽 *sɡeŋʔ, *sɡeŋs
阱 *sɡeŋʔ, *sɡeŋs
汫 *sɡeːŋʔ
刑 *ɡeːŋ
形 *ɡeːŋ
邢 *ɡeːŋ
鉶 *ɡeːŋ
型 *ɡeːŋ
侀 *ɡeːŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 幵 + 彡. In current form 幵 has been simplified to 开.

It may also be interpreted as a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡeːŋ): phonetic 井 (OC *skeŋʔ) + semantic 彡, if the original character was 𢒈.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 形
Mandarin Beijing /ɕiŋ³⁵/
Harbin /ɕiŋ²⁴/
Tianjin /ɕiŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /ɕiŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /ɕiŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ɕiŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /ɕiŋ²⁴/
Xining /ɕiə̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /ɕiŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ɕĩn⁵³/
Ürümqi /ɕiŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /ɕin²¹³/
Chengdu /ɕin³¹/
Guiyang /ɕin²¹/
Kunming /ɕĩ³¹/
Nanjing /ɕin²⁴/
Hefei /ɕin⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /ɕiəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /ɕiŋ¹³/
Hohhot /ɕĩŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦiŋ²³/
Suzhou /ɦin¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦin²¹³/
Wenzhou /jaŋ³¹/
Hui Shexian /ɕiʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi /xɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ɕin¹³/
Xiangtan /ɕin¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ɕin⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /hin¹¹/
Taoyuan /hin¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jeŋ²¹/
Nanning /jeŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /jiŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hiŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /hiŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /xeiŋ²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /heŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /heŋ³¹/
Rime
Character 形
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 青 (125)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 戸經切
Baxter heng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦeŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦeŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣɛŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦɛjŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ɣeŋ/
Wang
Li 		/ɣieŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣieŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xíng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jing4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 形
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xíng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ heng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]ˁeŋ/
English form, shape

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 形
Reading # 1/1
No. 6862
Phonetic
component 		井
Rime
group 		耕
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		㓝
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡeːŋ/

Definitions[edit]

形

  1. form; shape; appearance
    形狀／形状  ―  xíngzhuàng  ―  form; appearance; shape
  2. image; appearance
  3. body; entity; contour
    形體／形体  ―  xíngtǐ  ―  physique
  4. style; vogue
  5. (grammar) Short for 形容詞／形容词 (xíngróngcí, “adjective”).

Synonyms[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 形

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

形

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. shape, form, style

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
形
かた
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
型

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[1]

Probably related to 堅い / 硬い / 固い (​katai), hard.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

形(かた) • (kata) 

  1. [from 720] a shape
  2. [from 720] a form
  3. [from 1007] a pattern, die, or model from which copies are made
  4. [from roughly 1300s] collateral for borrowed money
  5. [from 1775] on a coin, the side with writing on it
    Antonym: 縵面 (name)

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
形
がた
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
型

Derived from kata above.[1] The kata changes to gata as an instance of rendaku (連濁). Found most commonly as a suffixing element in compounds.

The standalone noun sense was originally a shortening of 女形 (onnagata, literally “woman form”), a female role played by a male actor in kabuki theater. This noun sense is only spelled with the 形 kanji.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

形(がた) or 形(がだ) • (gata or gada) 

  1. [from 1820] (kabuki, theater) Short for 女形 (onnagata)., a female role played by a male actor in kabuki theater
    Synonyms: 女形 (onnagata), お山 (oyama)

Suffix[edit]

形(がた) • (-gata) 

  1. (affixed to nouns): the shape or form of the affixed noun
    渦(うず)巻(ま)き形(がた)
    uzumakigata
    a whirlpool shape
    卵(たまご)形(がた)
    tamagogata
    an egg shape
  2. (affixed to on'yomi nouns): a typical example of the affixed noun; the type of the affixed noun
    学(がく)者(しゃ)形(がた)
    gakushagata
    a scholar type
    英(えい)雄(ゆう)形(がた)
    eiyūgata
    a hero type
Usage notes[edit]

For a shape, the spelling 形 is more commonly used. For a type, the spelling 型 is more commonly used.

Further reading[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
形
かたち
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spellings
容
躰

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[1]

Compound of 形 (kata, “shape, form”) +‎ ち (-chi),[3] but the derivation of the chi element is unclear.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

形(かたち) • (katachi) 

  1. [from 720] shape or form
  2. [from late 900s] shapeliness: see 形有り (katachiari)
  3. [from 1688] form, as opposed to substance

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
形
けい
Grade: 2
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 形 (MC ɦeŋ). Compare modern Mandarin 形 (xíng). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

形(けい) • (-kei) 

  1. (linguistics) grammatical tense
    過(か)去(こ)形(けい)
    kakokei
    the past tense
    将(しょう)来(らい)形(けい)
    shōraikei
    the future tense
  2. (Japanese grammar) a conjugation form of a verb
    連(れん)用(よう)形(けい)
    ren'yōkei
    the continuative form
    命(めい)令(れい)形(けい)
    meireikei
    the imperative or command form

Etymology 5[edit]

Kanji in this term
形
なり
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spellings
態
なり

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[1]

From 成り (nari), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of the verb 成る (naru, “to become”).[1][2]

First attested as a suffix on a noun in the 曾我物語 (Soga Mongatari),[1] of uncertain dating but probably in the late 1300s. As a suffix on a verb stem, first attested from 1927.[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

Usage notes[edit]

The most common spelling for this use is なり, for all parts of speech.

Noun[edit]

形(なり) • (nari) 

  1. [from 720] the shape or form of something
  2. [from late 900s] one's clothing and appearance
  3. [from mid 1600s] one's body shape or form
  4. [from 1477] one's circumstances or situation
  5. [from 1773] one's reputation
  6. [from 1763] following the plain imperfective form (attributive form, 連体形 (​rentaikei)) or plain perfective form of a verb, indicates the state of the affixed verb or phrase: compare English just as
    人(ひと)々(びと)の言(い)うなりになった
    hitobito no iu nari ni natta
    things turned out just as people were saying
  7. [from 1915] following the plain imperfective form (attributive form, 連体形 (​rentaikei)) of an adjective, indicates responding to the affixed adjective: compare English fitting
    寒(さむ)ければ寒(さむ)いなりの厚(あつ)着(ぎ)をする
    samukereba samui nari no atsugi o suru
    if it's cold, then put on warm clothing / if it's cold, then put on warm clothes for cold weather
  8. [from 1928] following the plain imperfective form (attributive form, 連体形 (​rentaikei)) of a verb, indicates the moment of the action occurring: compare English as soon as
    断(ことわ)りを聞(き)くなり泣(な)き出(だ)した
    kotowari o kiku nari nakidashita
    she burst into tears as soon as she heard the rejection

Suffix[edit]

形(なり) • (-nari) 

  1. following the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb, indicates the state of the affixed verb or phrase: compare English just as
    人(ひと)々(びと)が言(い)いなりになった
    hitobito ga iinari ni natta
    things turned out just as people say
  2. [from 1951] following a noun, indicates a state fitting or becoming to the affixed noun
    子(こ)供(ども)なりに想(そう)像(ぞう)する
    kodomo nari ni sōzō suru
    imagine in a way fitting for a child / imagine like a child (implies that the subject is a child)
    自(じ)分(ぶん)なりの判(はん)断(だん)
    jibun nari no handan
    my own kind of decision / deciding in my own way
  3. [from late 1300s] following a noun, indicates that shape or form: compare English like
    弓(ゆみ)なりになる
    yumi nari ni naru
    to become bow-shaped / to become like a bow

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 形 (MC ɦeŋ).

Historical readings

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

形 (eumhun 모양 형 (moyang hyeong))

  1. Hanja form? of 형 (“form; shape”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

形: Hán Nôm readings: hình, hềnh

  1. image
  2. a figure or a silhouette
  3. (Southern Vietnam) a photo; a picture
  4. (geometry) a shape
  5. Clipping of hình học (“geometry”).
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