憚

See also: 惮

憚 U+619A, 憚 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-619A ← 憙 [U+6199] CJK Unified Ideographs 憛 → [U+619B]

Translingual

Japanese	惮
Simplified	惮
Traditional	憚

Han character

憚 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+12, 15 strokes, Cangjie input 心口口十 (PRRJ), four-corner 9605₆, composition ⿰忄單)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 403, character 1
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11222
• Dae Jaweon: page 743, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2354, character 8
• Unihan data for U+619A

Chinese

trad.		憚
simp.		惮
alternative forms		𢠸 譂／𫟠

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 憚
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (單) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
嚲	*taːlʔ
癉	*taːlʔ, *taːls, *taːn, *daːn
奲	*taːlʔ, *tʰjaːlʔ
驒	*daːl, *daːn, *teːn
鼉	*daːl
磾	*teːl
鷤	*deːl, *deːls, *daːn
觶	*tjal, *tjals
單	*taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans
鄲	*taːn
殫	*taːn
簞	*taːn
匰	*taːn
襌	*taːn
彈	*daːn, *daːns
貚	*daːn, *deːn
撣	*daːn, *daːnʔ, *daːns, *djan, *taːnʔ
潬	*daːnʔ
僤	*daːnʔ, *daːns, *djan
憚	*daːns
樿	*tjanʔ
燀	*tjanʔ, *tʰjan, *tʰjanʔ
戰	*tjans
闡	*tʰjanʔ
繟	*tʰjanʔ
幝	*tʰjanʔ
嘽	*tʰaːn, *tʰjanʔ
灛	*tʰjanʔ
蟬	*djan
禪	*djan, *djans
嬋	*djan
墠	*djanʔ
鱓	*djanʔ
蕇	*teːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *daːns): semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans).

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dar ~ d(u/i)r (“to shiver, to tremble”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Compare Burmese တုန် (tun, “to tremble, shake”), as well as the following Sinitic terms:

• 彈 (OC *daːn, *daːns, “to shake, play a stringed instrument”)
• 戰 (OC *tjans, “to tremble, battle”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): dàn (dan⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): daan⁶
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tōaⁿ / tǒaⁿ / tān / tǎn

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dàn
    • Wade–Giles: tan⁴
    • Yale: dàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dann
    • Palladius: дань (danʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tän⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: daan⁶
    • Yale: daahn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: daan⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: dan⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /taːn²²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tōaⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: tuānn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dvoa
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /tuã²²/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tuã³³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tǒaⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: tuǎnn
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /tuã²²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tān
    • Tâi-lô: tān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dan
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /tan²²/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tan³³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tǎn
    • Tâi-lô: tǎn
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /tan²²/

Note:

• tōaⁿ/tǒaⁿ - vernacular;
• tān/tǎn - literary.

---

• Middle Chinese: danH

Rime
Character	憚
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	寒 (61)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	徒案切
Baxter	danH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/dɑnH/
Pan Wuyun	/dɑnH/
Shao Rongfen	/dɑnH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/danH/
Li Rong	/dɑnH/
Wang Li	/dɑnH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/dʱɑnH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	daan6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*daːns/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	憚
Reading #	1/1
No.	2012
Phonetic component	單
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	憚
Old Chinese	/*daːns/

Definitions

憚

1. (literary) to fear; to dread

   • 我心憚暑、憂心如熏。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     我心惮暑、忧心如熏。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Wǒxīn dàn shǔ, yōuxīn rú xūn. [Pinyin]

     My heart is terrified with the heat; - my sorrowing heart is as if on fire.

   • 我向來是不憚以最壞的惡意，來推測中國人的。 [MSC, trad.]
     我向来是不惮以最坏的恶意，来推测中国人的。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 1926, Lu Xun, “In Memory of Miss Liu Hezhen”

     Wǒ xiànglái shì bù dàn yǐ zuì huài de èyì, lái tuīcè zhōngguórén de. [Pinyin]

     All along, I do not fear to think the worst of Chinese people.

Compounds

• 不憚 / 不惮 (bùdàn)
• 不憚其煩 / 不惮其烦
• 不憚強禦 / 不惮强御
• 不憚煩 / 不惮烦
• 全無忌憚 / 全无忌惮
• 動憚 / 动惮
• 忌憚 / 忌惮 (jìdàn)
• 憚人 / 惮人
• 憚勞 / 惮劳
• 憚服 / 惮服
• 憚漫 / 惮漫
• 憚煩 / 惮烦 (dànfán)
• 憚赫 / 惮赫
• 懾憚 / 慑惮
• 毫無忌憚 / 毫无忌惮
• 無所忌憚 / 无所忌惮
• 無所顧憚 / 无所顾惮
• 益無忌憚 / 益无忌惮
• 肆無忌憚 / 肆无忌惮 (sìwújìdàn)
• 貧憚 / 贫惮 (pîn-tōaⁿ) (Min Nan)
• 辭憚 / 辞惮
• 過勿憚改 / 过勿惮改

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 憚 – see 怛 (“to frighten; to alarm”). (This character is a variant form of 怛).

Japanese

Shinjitai (extended)	惮
Print standard	憚

Kanji

憚

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 惮)

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Readings

• Go-on: だん (dan)
• Kan-on: たん (tan)
• On: た (ta)
• Kun: はばかる (habakaru, 憚る)、はばかり (habakari, 憚り)

Korean

Hanja

憚 • (tan) (hangeul 탄)

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Vietnamese

Han character

憚: Hán Nôm readings: dạn, đạn, đặn

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