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敢

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
敢 U+6562, 敢
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6562
← 敡
[U+6561] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 散 →
[U+6563]

Translingual

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Stroke order
Mainland China

Alternative forms

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  • In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing 新字形), the upper left component is written 乛 (one stroke).
  • In other regions, the upper left component is written 丅 (two strokes) which is the orthodox form found in the Kangxi dictionary.

Han character

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敢 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+8, 12 strokes in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 11 strokes in mainland China, Cangjie input 弓十人大 (NJOK) or 一十人大 (MJOK), four-corner 18140 or 18440, composition ⿰⿱乛耳攵(G) or ⿰⿱丅耳攵(HTJKV))

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 472, character 26
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13260
  • Dae Jaweon: page 825, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1463, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+6562

Chinese

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trad. 敢
simp. # 敢
2nd round simp. 攼
alternative forms 𢼿
𢽤
𢽿

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (敢) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
撖 *kʰɯːm, *kʰreːmʔ, *ɡraːmʔ
澉 *l̥ʰaːms, *klaːmʔ
噉 *l'aːmʔ
敢 *klaːmʔ
橄 *klaːmʔ
瞰 *kʰlaːms
闞 *kʰlaːms, *qʰreːmʔ, *hŋraːms
憨 *qʰaːm, *qʰlaːms
譀 *qʰlaːms, *qʰraːms, *qʰraːb
巖 *ŋraːm
礹 *ŋraːm, *ŋamʔ
豃 *qʰraːmʔ
讝 *kjam
玁 *hŋramʔ
嚴 *ŋam
儼 *ŋamʔ
曮 *ŋamʔ
釅 *ŋams

ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): a hand (又) using a capturing tool (𰅱) to hunt a wild boar (豕). Later, 𰅱 was omitted and a redundant component 口 or 甘 was added (Chen Jian, 2020; Xie Mingwen, 2020).

The components eventually corrupted into the modern form.

Etymology

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Compare Burmese ဝံ့ (wam., “to dare”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kV-wam (“to dare”), which Schuessler reconstructs as *k-wam to account for the initial velar in the Chinese form.

Pronunciation

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Note: Southern Sixian kam - variant used for the rhetorical/interrogative adverb.
Note:
  • gor3/gornn3 - vernacular;
  • gang3 - literary.
Note:
  • káⁿ - vernacular (including the rhetorical adverb and "perhaps" in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou);
  • kám - literary (including the rhetorical adverb and "perhaps" in Xiamen, as well as the rhetorical/interrogative adverb in Taiwan);
  • kiám/kán - variants used for the rhetorical adverb.
Note:
  • ga2 - vernacular;
  • gam2 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 敢
Mandarin Beijing /kan²¹⁴/
Harbin /kan²¹³/
Tianjin /kan¹³/
Jinan /kã⁵⁵/
Qingdao /kã⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /kan⁵³/
Xi'an /kã⁵³/
Xining /kã⁵³/
Yinchuan /kan⁵³/
Lanzhou /kɛ̃n⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /kan⁵¹/
Wuhan /kan⁴²/
Chengdu /kan⁵³/
Guiyang /kan⁴²/
Kunming /kã̠⁵³/
Nanjing /kaŋ²¹²/
Hefei /kæ̃²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /kæ̃⁵³/
Pingyao /kɑŋ⁵³/
Hohhot /kæ̃⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /kø³⁵/
Suzhou /kø⁵¹/
Hangzhou /kẽ̞⁵³/
Wenzhou /ky³⁵/
Hui Shexian /kɛ³⁵/
Tunxi /kɛ³¹/
Xiang Changsha /kan⁴¹/
Xiangtan /kan⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /kɵn²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /kam³¹/
Taoyuan /kɑm³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐm³⁵/
Nanning /kam³⁵/
Hong Kong /kɐm³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kam⁵³/
/kã⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kaŋ³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kɔŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /kã⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ka²¹³/
Rime
Character 敢
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 談 (143)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古覽切
Baxter kamX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɑmX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kɑmX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɑmX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kamX/
Li
Rong 		/kɑmX/
Wang
Li 		/kɑmX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kɑmX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gǎn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gam2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 敢
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gǎn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kamX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]ˁamʔ/
English dare

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 敢
Reading # 1/1
No. 3674
Phonetic
component 		敢
Rime
group 		談
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		敢
Old
Chinese 		/*klaːmʔ/
Notes 說文從爪又，古聲，金文從爭甘聲，
此爲隸變

Definitions

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敢

  1. bold; brave; daring
  2. to dare (to); to venture (to)
    我們必須敢想，敢說，敢幹。 [MSC, trad.]
    我们必须敢想，敢说，敢干。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒmen bìxū gǎn xiǎng, gǎn shuō, gǎn gàn. [Pinyin]
    We must dare to think, speak up and act.
    他不敢正眼看她。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
    Tā bù gǎn zhèng yǎnkàn tā. [Pinyin]
    He didn't dare to look at her in the face.
    在那個風雨交加的夜晚，很少有人敢出去。 [MSC, trad.]
    在那个风雨交加的夜晚，很少有人敢出去。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zài nà ge fēngyǔ jiāojiā de yèwǎn, hěn shào yǒurén gǎn chūqù. [Pinyin]
    Very few people ventured to go out on that stormy night.
  3. to be sure; to be certain; to bet; to presume
    敢肯定  ―  gǎn kěndìng  ―  to be sure, to be certain
    敢說／敢说  ―  gǎn shuō  ―  to be sure, to be certain
    我敢說你解決不了這個難題。 [MSC, trad.]
    我敢说你解决不了这个难题。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ gǎn shuō nǐ jiějuébuliǎo zhè ge nántí. [Pinyin]
    I bet you can't do this puzzle.
  4. (polite) may I venture
    敢問／敢问  ―  gǎn wèn  ―  may I ask
  5. (literary or Hokkien, Teochew, Taiwanese Hakka, rhetorical question) can it be possible that; how
    Alternative form: (Hokkien) 豈 / 岂
    敢通按呢？ [Taiwanese Hokkien]  ―  Kám thang án-ne? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  How could it be like this?
  6. (archaic or Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) perhaps
  7. (Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) Interrogative adverb, placed before the verb to create a yes-no question.
    Alternative forms: 咁, 甘, 干
    你敢有閒？／你敢有闲？ [Taiwanese Hokkien]  ―  Lí kám ū-êng? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  Are you free?

Synonyms

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  • (can it be possible that):
Dialectal synonyms of 難道 (“could it be that; is it possible that”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 莫非, 豈
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 莫非, 豈, 難道, 莫不是
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 難道, 難不成, 甭
Taiwan 難道, 難不成
Central Plains Mandarin Xuzhou 難說
Cantonese Guangzhou 唔通
Hong Kong 唔通
Taishan 唔成, 敢係, 唔得旨, 毋旨, 毋旨估
Hakka Miaoli (N. Sixian) 無成, 敢講, 敢係
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 無成, 敢講, 敢係
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 無成, 敢講, 敢係
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 無成, 敢講, 敢會, 敢係
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 無成, 毋成, 敢講, 敢係
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 無敢, 敢講, 敢會, 敢係
Southern Min Xiamen 敢, 總無
Quanzhou 敢, 總無, 攏無
Zhangzhou 敢, 總無
Tainan 敢
Manila (Hokkien) 敢
Shantou 未是
Jieyang 未是, 敢, 敢是
Puxian Min Putian 乜然, 總無
Xianyou 乜然, 總無
Wu Shanghai 只勿
Shanghai (Chongming) 難算得
Xiang Changsha 冇過

See also

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Compounds

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Descendants

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  • → Zhuang: gamj

Further reading

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Japanese

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Kanji

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敢

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. daring, brave, bold
  2. sad, tragic, pitiful

Readings

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
敢
かん
Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 敢 (MC kamX).

Pronunciation

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Affix

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敢(かん) • (kan) 

  1. daring; brave; bold

Derived terms

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Korean

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Hanja

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敢 (eumhun 감히 감 (gamhi gam))

  1. hanja form? of 감 (“dare”)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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敢: Hán Việt readings: cảm[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
敢: Nôm readings: dám[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8], cám[3][4][5], nhám[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of cảm (“(in compounds) daring; to dare”)
  2. chữ Nôm form of dám (“to dare to do something”)
  3. chữ Nôm form of nhám (“rough, harsh, fuzzy”)

Compounds

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Takeuchi (1988).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Hồ (1976).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bonet (1899).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Génibrel (1898).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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