文化

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Chinese[edit]

 
language; culture; writing
language; culture; writing; formal; literary; gentle
 
to make into; to change into; ‑ization
to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform
trad. (文化) 文 化
simp. #(文化) 文 化
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Etymology[edit]

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “When does this first appear in the written record? And how does this derive? Is it literally 文 (“writing”) + 化 (huà, “transformation”), suggesting that "culture" in Chinese terms is based on an idea of common language?”

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 文 化
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 文 (59) 麻 (99)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed Closed
Division (等) III II
Fanqie 無分切 呼霸切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/mɨun/ /hˠuaH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/miun/ /hʷᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/miuən/ /xuaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/mun/ /hwaɨH/
Li
Rong 		/miuən/ /xuaH/
Wang
Li 		/mĭuən/ /xwaH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/mi̯uən/ /xwaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wén huà
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		man4 faa3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 文 化
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		wén huà
Middle
Chinese 		‹ mjun › ‹ xwæH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*mə[n]/ /*qʷʰˁ<r>aj-s/
English ornate transform

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 文 化
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 13015 5327
Phonetic
component 		文 化
Rime
group 		文 歌
Rime
subdivision 		1 1
Corresponding
MC rime 		文 化
Old
Chinese 		/*mɯn/ /*hŋʷraːls/

Noun[edit]

文化

  1. (countable, uncountable) culture (Classifier: 個／个; 種／种)
    文化體系／文化体系  ―  wénhuà tǐxì  ―  cultural system
    文化環境／文化环境  ―  wénhuà huánjìng  ―  cultural context
    中華文化／中华文化  ―  zhōnghuá wénhuà  ―  Chinese culture
    公司文化  ―  gōngsī wénhuà  ―  company culture
    本土文化  ―  běntǔ wénhuà  ―  indigenous culture
    燦爛文化／灿烂文化  ―  cànlàn wénhuà  ―  magnificent culture
    文化負載詞／文化负载词  ―  wénhuà fùzǎicí  ―  culturally loaded term
    國家級文化生態保護區 [MSC, trad.]
    国家级文化生态保护区 [MSC, simp.]
    guójiājí wénhuà shēngtài bǎohùqū [Pinyin]
    national ecocultural protection area
    開展對外文化交流 [MSC, trad.]
    开展对外文化交流 [MSC, simp.]
    kāizhǎn duìwài wénhuà jiāoliú [Pinyin]
    to conduct cultural exchange with other countries
    不同的國家有不同的文化。 [MSC, trad.]
    不同的国家有不同的文化。 [MSC, simp.]
    Bùtóng de guójiā yǒu bùtóng de wénhuà. [Pinyin]
    Different countries have different cultures.
  2. (uncountable) education; literacy
  3. (archaeology, countable) culture (assemblage of artifacts)
    龍山文化／龙山文化  ―  Lóngshān Wénhuà  ―  the Longshan culture
  4. (literary, archaic, uncountable) education through teaching morality, literature and music

Usage notes[edit]

Like the term "culture" in English, 文化 (wénhuà) can refer to both culture in the sense of a society's arts or customs, as well the attitudes and behaviours of a particular group of people, as in a "company culture". However, 文化 (wénhuà) cannot refer to "culture" in the biological sense; instead the term 培養／培养 (péiyǎng) is used.

Derived terms[edit]

Derived terms from 文化

Proper noun[edit]

文化

  1. (～里) An urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei, Taiwan
  2. (～社區) Wenhua (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China)

Japanese[edit]

 文化 on Japanese Wikipedia
Kanji in this term
文 化
ぶん
Grade: 1 		か
Grade: 3
on’yomi

Etymology[edit]

Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文化 (mjun xwæH, “the way of educating by using morality, literature, rituals and music”)

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

文(ぶん)化(か) • (bunka) ←ぶんくわ (bunkwa)?

  1. culture
    • 1928, 岸田國士, 「語られる言葉」の美:
      これは、国語(こくご)の性格(せいかく)に、文化(ぶんか)の伝統(でんとう)、国民性(こくみんせい)の特質(とくしつ)が作用(さよう)するからである。
      Kore wa, kokugo no seikaku ni, bunka no dentō, kokuminsei no tokushitsu ga sayō suru kara de aru.
      The tradition of culture and the traits of the nation function to make the character of the national language.

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • → Chinese: 文化 (wénhuà)[1]
  • → Korean: 문화 (munhwa)
  • → Vietnamese: văn hoá

References[edit]

  1. ^ 汉语外来词词典 [Chinese Loanword Dictionary] (in Chinese), 1984, page 358

Korean[edit]

Hanja in this term
文化

Noun[edit]

文化 • (munhwa) (hangeul 문화)

  1. Hanja form? of 문화 (“culture”).

Vietnamese[edit]

Hán tự in this term
文化

Noun[edit]

文化

  1. chữ Hán form of văn hoá (“culture”).
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