東
Translingual[edit]
| Stroke order | |||
Etymology[edit]
| Historical forms of the character 東 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bamboo and silk script | Large seal script | Small seal script |
Phonetic borrowing – originally represented a bag tied at both ends (like a cellophane-wrapped candy with the ends twisted), and was later borrowed phonetically to mean "east".[1] This borrowing may have been influenced by reinterpreting the character as the sun (日) rising behind a tree (木), which is the traditional (though incorrect) etymology.
Han character[edit]
東 (radical 75 木+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木田 (DW), four-corner 50906, composition ⿻木日)
Descendants[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 513, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14499
- Dae Jaweon: page 899, character 8
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1165, character 4
- Unihan data for U+6771
Chinese[edit]
| - | ||
|---|---|---|
| trad. | 東 | |
| simp. | 东 | |
Pronunciation[edit]
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): dung1
- Hakka (Pha̍k-fa-sṳ): tûng
- Min Nan (POJ): tang / tong
- Wu (WT Romanisation): ton (T1)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥ
- Wade-Giles: tung1
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dong
- IPA (key): /tʊŋ⁵⁵/
-
(file)
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: dung1
- Yale: dūng
- Cantonese Pinyin: dung1
- IPA (key): /tʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- Romanisations:
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tûng
- IPA (Siyen, incl. Miaoli): /tuŋ²⁴/
- Romanisations:
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tang / tong
- Tâi-lô: tang / tong
- Phofsit Daibuun: dafng, dofng
- IPA (Taipei): /taŋ⁴⁴/, /tɔŋ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /taŋ³⁴/, /tɔŋ³⁴/
- Note: tang - colloquial; tong - literary.
- (Hokkien)
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- WT Romanisation: ton (T1)
- IPA (key): /tʊŋ⁵³/
- (Shanghainese)
| Middle Chinese pronunciation (東, reconstructed) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character (東), Pronunciation 1/1 | ||||||
|
Initial: 端 (5) |
Openness: Open |
Fanqie: 德紅切 | ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
Bernard Karlgren |
Li Rong |
Pan Wuyun |
Edwin Pulleyblank |
Wang Li |
Shao Rongfen |
| /tuŋ/ | /tuŋ/ | /tuŋ/ | /tuŋ/ | /təwŋ/ | /tuŋ/ | /tuŋ/ |
| Old Chinese pronunciation (東, reconstructed) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Character | Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
Middle Chinese | Old Chinese | English | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 東 | dōng | ‹ tuwng › | /*tˤoŋ (< *tˤoŋʔ ?)/ | east | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:
|
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| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Character | No. | Phonetic component |
Rime group |
Rime subdivision |
Corresponding MC rime |
Old Chinese | Notes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 東 | 2435 | 東 | 東 | 0 | 東 | /*toːŋ/ | 種(種籽)初文,甲金文象種皮甲坼萌生根芽,參敕字陳字注 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Noun[edit]
東
Coordinate terms[edit]
Adjective[edit]
東
Compounds[edit]
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
- Goon: つう (tsū) (non-Jōyō reading)
- Kan’on: とう (tō)
- Kun: ひがし (higashi)
- Nanori: あい (ai), あがり (agari), あずま (azuma), あづま (adzuma), こ (ko), さき (saki), しの (shino), とお (tō), はじめ (hajime), はる (haru), ひが (higa), もと (moto)
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
/himukasi/: *pimukasi > ɸimukasi > himukashi. Compound of 日 (hi, “sun”) + 向か (muka, “facing, direction”) + 風 (shi, “wind, direction”). Literally "the direction facing the sun".
Noun[edit]
東 (hiragana ひむかし, romaji himukashi)
Etymology 2[edit]
- pingasi > ɸingasi > hingashi. From earlier /himukasi/: *pimukasi > ɸimkasi > ɸimgasi > ɸigasi > higasi.
Noun[edit]
東 (hiragana ひんがし, romaji hingashi)
- east
- 10th century: Ise Monogatari (chapter 4, page 82)
- むかし、東(ひんがし)の五条に大后の宮おはしましける、西の対に住む人有けり。
- 10th century: Ise Monogatari (chapter 4, page 82)
Etymology 3[edit]
From hingashi, from himukashi.
Noun[edit]
東 (hiragana ひがし, romaji higashi)
Proper noun[edit]
東 (hiragana ひがし, romaji Higashi)
- A surname.
Etymology 4[edit]
aduma > azuma.
Noun[edit]
東 (hiragana あずま, romaji azuma, historical hiragana あづま)
- east, Eastern Japan
Proper noun[edit]
東 (hiragana あずま, romaji Azuma)
- A male given name
- A surname.
- 1997 October 21, Hideaki Horiuchi; Ken Akiyama, Taketori Monogatari , Ise Monogatari, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, ISBN 4-00-240017-4:
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
- Sound (hangeul): 동 (revised: dong, McCune-Reischauer: tong, Yale: tong)
- Name (hangeul): 동녘 (revised: dongnyeok, McCune-Reischauer: tongnyŏk, Yale: tongnyekh)
- This entry needs a definition. Please add one, then remove
{{defn}}.
Compounds[edit]
- 정동 (征東, jeongdong)
- 정동 (正東, jeongdong)
- 정동방 (正東方, jeongdongbang)
- 제동야인 (齊東野人, jedong-yain)
- 동대문 (東大門, dongdaemun)
Okinawan[edit]
Kanji[edit]
東
Readings[edit]
- Native: く (ku), くち (kuchi), あがり (agari)
- Nonnative: とー (tō), とぅ (tu)
Compounds[edit]
- 東風 (くち, kuchi): east wind, easterly wind, eastern wind
- 東風 (くちかじ, kuchikaji): east wind, easterly wind, eastern wind
- 東京 (とーちょー, tōchō): Tokyo
- 広東瓜 (くゎんとぅうい, kwantuui): watermelon
Etymology[edit]
From 上り (agari, “ascent, rise”) in reference to the direction where the sun rises, ascends.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
東 (hiragana あがり, romaji agari)
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
- This entry needs a definition. Please add one, then remove
{{defn}}.
Yoron[edit]
Kanji[edit]
東
Readings[edit]
- Native: あがり (agari)
Etymology[edit]
From 上り (agari, “ascent, rise”) in reference to the direction where the sun rises, ascends.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- Han script characters
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