桑葚

Chinese

		mulberry tree	fruit of mulberry
trad. (桑葚)		桑	葚
simp. #(桑葚)		桑	葚
alternative forms		桑椹

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): sāngshèn, sāngrèn

  (Zhuyin): ㄙㄤ ㄕㄣˋ, ㄙㄤ ㄖㄣˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): song¹ sam⁶
• Jin (Wiktionary): son¹ seng³
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sng-sīm / song-sǐm

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: sāngshèn
    • Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ ㄕㄣˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sangshèn
    • Wade–Giles: sang¹-shên⁴
    • Yale: sāng-shèn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sangshenn
    • Palladius: саншэнь (sanšɛnʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂən⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, colloquial)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: sāngrèn
    • Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ ㄖㄣˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sangrèn
    • Wade–Giles: sang¹-jên⁴
    • Yale: sāng-rèn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sangrenn
    • Palladius: санжэнь (sanžɛnʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑŋ⁵⁵ ʐən⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (桑葚兒／桑葚儿)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: sāngrènr
    • Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ ㄖㄣˋㄦ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sangrènr
    • Wade–Giles: sang¹-jên⁴-ʼrh
    • Yale: sāng-rènr
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sangrell
    • Palladius: санжэньр (sanžɛnʹr)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑŋ⁵⁵ ʐəɻ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: song¹ sam⁶
    • Yale: sōng sahm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: song¹ sam⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: song¹ sem⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔːŋ⁵⁵ sɐm²²/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: son¹ seng³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /sɒ̃¹¹ sə̃ŋ⁴⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sng-sīm
    • Tâi-lô: sng-sīm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sngsim
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² sim²²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: song-sǐm
    • Tâi-lô: song-sǐm
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /sɔŋ³³ sim²²/

---

• Middle Chinese: sang zyimX

Rime
Character	桑	葚
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)	船 (27)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)	侵 (139)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	息郎切	食荏切
Baxter	sang	zyimX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɑŋ/	/ʑiɪmX/
Pan Wuyun	/sɑŋ/	/ʑimX/
Shao Rongfen	/sɑŋ/	/ʑjemX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/saŋ/	/ʑimX/
Li Rong	/sɑŋ/	/d͡ʑiəmX/
Wang Li	/sɑŋ/	/d͡ʑĭĕmX/
Bernard Karlgren	/sɑŋ/	/d͡ʑʰi̯əmX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sāng	shèn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	song1	sam6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]ˤaŋ  sə-d[ə]mʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*sŋaːŋ  ɦljumʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	桑	葚
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sāng	shèn
Middle Chinese	‹ sang ›	‹ zyimX ›
Old Chinese	/*[s]ˁaŋ/	/*sə-d[ə]mʔ/
English	mulberry tree	mulberry fruit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	桑	葚
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	10980	11298
Phonetic component	桑	甚
Rime group	陽	侵
Rime subdivision	0	3
Corresponding MC rime	桑	葚
Old Chinese	/*sŋaːŋ/	/*ɦljumʔ/

Noun

桑葚

1. fruit of the mulberry (an herb used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat yin deficiency)

   • 于嗟鳩兮，無食桑葚。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     于嗟鸠兮，无食桑葚。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Xūjiē jiū xī, wú shí sāngshèn. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 桑葚 (“mulberry (fruit)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		葚, 桑葚
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		桑葚, 桑葚子
Mandarin	Beijing	桑葚兒
	Taiwan	桑葚
	Bayanhot	桑棗
	Harbin	桑粒兒
	Yantai (Muping)	桑棗兒
	Jinan	桑葚, 桑葚子, 葚子
	Luoyang	桑葚兒
	Wanrong	桑葚子, 桑葚
	Xi'an	桑杏兒
	Yinchuan	桑杏子
	Lanzhou	桑葚, 桑果子
	Xining	桑葚兒
	Ürümqi	桑子
	Wuhan	桑棗
	Huanggang	桑棗兒
	Chengdu	桑果兒, 桑果, 桑泡兒
	Guiyang	桑檬
	Liuzhou	桑果
	Xuzhou	桑葚子
	Yangzhou	桑樹果子
	Nanjing	桑葉果, 桑樹果
	Nantong	桑樹果兒
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	桑子
	Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan)	桑杏
Cantonese	Guangzhou	桑棗, 桑葚
	Hong Kong	桑子, 桑葚, 桑棗
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	桑仔
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	桑棗
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	桑仔
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	桑仔
	Macau	桑葚
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	桑棗
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	桑棗
	Foshan	桑棗
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	桑棗
	Foshan (Shunde)	桑棗
	Foshan (Sanshui)	桑棗
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	桑棗
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	蠶蟲子
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	桑果
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	桑果
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	桑仔
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	桑仔
	Taishan	桑仔
	Kaiping (Chikan)	桑仔
	Enping (Niujiang)	桑仔
	Heshan (Yayao)	桑棗
	Dongguan	桑棗
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	桑仔
	Nanning	桑子, 桑果
	Wuzhou	桑子
	Yulin	蠶子
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	蠶子
Gan	Nanchang	桑棗子
	Lichuan	桑子
	Pingxiang	桑子
Hakka	Meixian	桑仔子
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	桑葚
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	桑仔
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	桑仔
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	桑子
	Yudu	蠶樹子
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	桑仔子
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	桑仔子, 鹽酸仔
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	桑仔子
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	桑垂
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	桑仔子, 桑子, 蠶樹子
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	桑子
	Hong Kong	桑仔
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	桑子
Huizhou	Jixi	桑樹悶, 桑悶
Jin	Taiyuan	桑葚
	Xinzhou	桑錢
	Linhe	桑棗
	Jining	桑棗
Northern Min	Jian'ou	桑桑仔
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	桑頭子, 桑蘿子
Southern Min	Xiamen	桑材, 桑莓, 桑子
	Quanzhou	桑材
	Zhangzhou	蠶垂子, 蠶箬子
	Pinghe	蠶仔子
	Zhao'an	桑垂
	Taipei	桑材仔
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	鹽桑仔, 桑材仔, 桑材
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	桑材仔
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	桑垂仔
	Kaohsiung	鹽桑仔
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	桑材, 鹽桑仔
	Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang)	桑材, 桑垂
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	桑材, 桑垂
	Kaohsiung (Tianliao)	鹽桑仔, 桑材, 桑垂
	Yilan	娘仔樹子, 鹽桑仔
	Yilan (Luodong)	娘仔樹子
	Yilan (Toucheng)	娘仔樹子
	Changhua (Lukang)	桑材
	Taichung	桑垂
	Tainan	桑材, 桑垂, 鹽桑仔
	Tainan (Anping)	鹽桑仔
	Taitung (Green Island)	桑垂
	Hsinchu	桑材
	Pingtung (Liuqiu)	桑材
	Kinmen	桑材
	Penghu (Magong)	桑垂
	Penghu (Pengnan)	桑垂
	Penghu (Xiyu)	桑垂
	Penghu (Huxi)	桑垂
	Penghu (Wangan)	桑垂
	Penghu (Cimei)	桑垂
	Penghu (Zhongtun)	桑垂
	Penghu (Houliao)	桑垂
	Penghu (Tongliang)	桑垂
	Penghu (Jibei)	桑垂
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	桑果
	Shantou	桑垂
	Jieyang	桑垂
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	桑子
	Sanxiang	桑子
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	桑果
Wu	Shanghai	桑子
	Shanghai (Chongming)	桑顛
	Suzhou	桑果, 桑子
	Wuxi	桑子
	Danyang	桑果, 桑果果
	Hangzhou	桑連果兒, 桑子, 桑子兒
	Ningbo	桑果, 桑果果
	Wenzhou	桑樹棗兒, 桑棗
	Jinhua	桑烏嘟, 桑葚, 桑葚烏珠
Xiang	Changsha	桑葉它它
	Xiangtan	桑棗子
	Loudi	桑葉藨
	Quanzhou	桑果

Derived terms

• 桑葚胚 (sāngshènpēi)

 

See also

• 補益藥／补益药 (bǔyìyào, “TCM: tonics”)