武士

Chinese

		martial; military	scholar; warrior; knight
simp. and trad. (武士)		武	士

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武士

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): wǔshì

(Zhuyin): ㄨˇ ㄕˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): mou⁵ si⁶
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bú-sū / bú-sǐr

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: wǔshì
  - Zhuyin: ㄨˇ ㄕˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: wǔshìh
  - Wade–Giles: wu³-shih⁴
  - Yale: wǔ-shr̀
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wuushyh
  - Palladius: уши (uši)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: mou⁵ si⁶
  - Yale: móuh sih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: mou⁵ si⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: mou⁵ xi⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mou̯¹³ siː²²/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    冇事
    武士
    獅虎 / 狮虎
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bú-sū
  - Tâi-lô: bú-sū
  - Phofsit Daibuun: bwsu
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su³³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bú-sǐr
  - Tâi-lô: bú-sǐr
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ²²/

Middle Chinese: mjuX dzriX

Rime
Character	武	士
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	崇 (20)
Final (韻)	虞 (24)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	文甫切	鉏里切
Baxter	mjuX	dzriX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mɨo^X/	/d͡ʒɨ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/mio^X/	/ɖ͡ʐɨ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/mio^X/	/d͡ʒie^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/muə̆^X/	/ɖ͡ʐɨ^X/
Li Rong	/mio^X/	/d͡ʒiə^X/
Wang Li	/mĭu^X/	/d͡ʒĭə^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/mi̯u^X/	/ɖ͡ʐʱi^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wǔ	zhì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mou⁵	zi⁶

Noun

武士

warrior; fighter
soldier
(historical) member of a powerful military caste (in medieval Europe or Japan); samurai
(historical) palace guard

Synonyms

(warrior):

edit

健兒 / 健儿 (jiàn'ér)
勇士 (yǒngshì)
壯士 / 壮士 (zhuàngshì)
戰士 / 战士 (zhànshì)
武人 (wǔrén)
猛士 (měngshì)
虎賁 / 虎贲 (hǔbēn) (archaic)
鬥士 / 斗士 (dòushì)

(soldier):

edit

兵人 (bīngrén) (literary)
兵仔 (Hakka, Hokkien)
兵勇 (bīngyǒng) (dated)
兵卒 (bīngzú) (dated)
兵員 / 兵员 (bīngyuán)
兵士 (bīngshì)
兵跤仔 (Hokkien, dated)
士人 (shìrén) (archaic)
士兵 (shìbīng)
士卒 (shìzú) (archaic)
大兵 (dàbīng) (dated, sometimes derogatory)
師徒 / 师徒 (shītú) (Classical Chinese)
戰士 / 战士 (zhànshì)
旌旗 (jīngqí) (figurative, literary)
武人 (wǔrén)
武夫 (wǔfū) (literary)
營兵 / 营兵 (Hokkien, dated)
甲士 (jiǎshì) (archaic)
軍人 / 军人 (jūnrén)
軍士 / 军士 (jūnshì)

(samurai): 日本武士

Derived terms

圓桌武士 / 圆桌武士
武士刀 (wǔshìdāo)
武士道 (wǔshìdào)
白武士 (báiwǔshì)
鐵甲武士 / 铁甲武士

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
武	士
ぶ Grade: 5	し Grade: 5
kan'on

From Old Japanese,^[1] in turn from Middle Chinese 武士 (MC mjuX dzriX). Compare modern Min Nan pronunciation bú-sǐr. First cited to a portion of the 続日本紀 (Shoku Nihongi) dated to 721.^[2]^[3]

Japanese philologist Shinobu Orikuchi postulated in the 1920s that bushi derived instead from 伏 (bushi), the rendaku (連濁) version of fushi, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of verb 伏す (fusu, “to bow down, to prostrate”), as found in terms such as 山伏 (yamabushi, “mountain hermit”) and 野伏 (nobushi, “hermit; brigand”). Orikuchi contended that this word arose some time during the Kamakura or Muromachi periods, and that the kanji spelling is ateji (当て字).^[4] However, the term 武士 (bushi) with the kanji spelling is attested already in the Nara period, many centuries earlier. In addition, rendaku only applies to the latter element in compounds, so nominalized verb fushi would not appear as bushi on its own.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ぶし [búꜜshì] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [bɯ̟ɕi]

Noun

武(ぶ)士(し) • (bushi)

(historical, strictly) a professional warrior, a soldier
Synonyms: 武士 (mononofu), 兵 (tsuwamono), 武芸者 (bugeisha), 武人 (bujin), 武者 (musha)
(modern, loosely) a samurai
Synonym: (more strictly) 侍 (samurai)

Usage notes

In modern popular usage, the terms bushi and samurai are often used in both English and Japanese somewhat loosely to refer to any soldier or warrior during Japan's feudal age (prior to the Meiji period). In historical contexts, these terms may be used with more specific senses, wherein bushi refers to any professional warrior, and samurai refers more strictly to a hereditary social class. See also Samurai on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Derived terms

Proverbs

武(ぶ)士(し)に二(に)言(ごん)なし (bushi ni nigon nashi)
武(ぶ)士(し)は相(あい)身(み)互(たが)い (bushi wa aimitagai)
花(はな)は桜(さくら)木(ぎ)人(ひと)は武(ぶ)士(し) (hana wa sakuragi hito wa bushi)

Proper noun

武(ぶ)士(し) • (Bushi)

a place name
a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
武	士
もののふ
Grade: 5	Grade: 5
jukujikun

Alternative spelling
物部 (uncommon)

/mo₂no₂no₂pu/ → /mononopu/ → /mononofu/

From Old Japanese. First cited to the Kojiki of 712.^[5]

Regarded as a compound of 物 (mono, “thing”, likely in reference to weapons) +‎ の (no, possessive or genitive particle) +‎ ふ (fu, of uncertain meaning; likely related to the be in 物部 (mononobe)).^[5]

The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) もののふ [mònónóꜜfù] (Nakadaka – [3])^[6]
IPA^(key): [mo̞no̞no̞ɸɯ̟]

Noun

武士(もののふ) • (mononofu)

(historical) prior to the Ritsuryō system of the late 500s to late 700s, any of various groups directly serving the imperial family
(historical, more generally) a professional warrior, a soldier
Synonyms: 武士 (bushi), 兵 (tsuwamono), 武芸者 (bugeisha), 武人 (bujin), 武者 (musha)
- 1885, “抜(ばつ)刀(たう)隊(たい) (Battōtai)”, 外(と)山(やま)正(まさ)一(かず) (Toyama Masakazu) (lyrics):
  
  皇(み)國(くに)の風(かぜ)と武士(もののふ)
  mikuni no kaze to mononofu
  imperial wind and warriors
- 1911, “歩兵の本領”, 加藤明勝 (lyrics):
  
  軍(ぐん)旗(き)守(まも)る武士(もののふ)
  gunki mamoru mononofu
  warriors protecting their flag

Derived terms

武士(もののふ)の道(みち) (mononofu no michi)

Etymology 3

Various nanori readings.

Proper noun

Kanji in this term
武	士
たけ Grade: 5	し Grade: 5

武(たけ)士(し) • (Takeshi)

a place name
a surname
a male given name (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)

武士(たけひと) • (Takehito)

a male given name (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)

References

^ “武士”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)‎^[1] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
^ “武士”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
^ Shinobu Orikuchi, Gorotsuki no Hanashi (ごろつきの話), 1928 in 折口信夫全集, vol. 3, 1966:
更に、此頃になって目立って来た、もう一つの浮浪者があった。諸方の豪族の家々の子弟のうち、総領の土地を貰ふことの出来なかったもの、乃至は、戦争に負けて土地を奪はれたものなどが、諸国に新しい土地を求めようとして、彷徨した。此が又、前の浮浪団体に混同した。道中の便宜を得る為に、彼等の群に投じたといふやうなことがあったのだ。後世の「武士」は、実は宛て字である。「ぶし」の語原はこれらの野ぶし・山ぶしにあるらしい。
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 “物部・武士”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
武	士

Noun

武士 • (musa) (hangeul 무사)

hanja form^? of 무사 (“warrior”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
武	士

Noun

武士

chữ Nôm form of võ sĩ (“combat sport contender; warrior; samurai”).

Derived terms

武士道 (võ sĩ đạo)

[N-1] “武士”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)‎^[1] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984

[KDJ2-2] “武士”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[K-3] Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

[4] Shinobu Orikuchi, Gorotsuki no Hanashi (ごろつきの話), 1928 in 折口信夫全集, vol. 3, 1966:
更に、此頃になって目立って来た、もう一つの浮浪者があった。諸方の豪族の家々の子弟のうち、総領の土地を貰ふことの出来なかったもの、乃至は、戦争に負けて土地を奪はれたものなどが、諸国に新しい土地を求めようとして、彷徨した。此が又、前の浮浪団体に混同した。道中の便宜を得る為に、彼等の群に投じたといふやうなことがあったのだ。後世の「武士」は、実は宛て字である。「ぶし」の語原はこれらの野ぶし・山ぶしにあるらしい。

[KDJ2-mononofu-5] 5.0 ^5.1 “物部・武士”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[DJR-6] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

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