民主

Chinese

		the people; nationality; citizen	to own; to host; master to own; to host; master; lord; primary
simp. and trad. (民主)		民	主

Etymology

“democracy; democratic”

Purposed in the mid-1860s during the translation of the book Elements of International Law.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): mínzhǔ

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): man⁴ zyu²
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mìn-chú
• Min Dong (BUC): mìng-ciō
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): bîn-chú

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ming⁵ zu²

• Wu (Wiktionary): min tsr (T3)

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: mínzhǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: minjuu
    • IPA ^(key): /min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: man⁴ zyu²
    • Yale: màhn jyú
    • Cantonese Pinyin: man⁴ dzy²
    • Guangdong Romanization: men⁴ ju²
    • IPA ^(key): /mɐn²¹ t͡ɕyː³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mìn-chú
    • Hakka Romanization System: minˇ zu`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: min² zu³
    • IPA: /min¹¹ t͡su³¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: mìng-ciō
    • IPA ^(key): /miŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^(t͡s-)ʒuo³³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bîn-chú
    • Tâi-lô: bîn-tsú
    • Phofsit Daibuun: binzuo
    • IPA (Xiamen): /bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bin¹³⁻²² t͡su⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /bin²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ming⁵ zu²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mîng tsú
    • IPA ^(key): /miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: min tsr (T3)
    • IPA ^(key): /mɪɲ²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: /miɪn  t͡ɕɨo^X/▼

Rime
Character	民	主
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)	虞 (24)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	彌鄰切	之庾切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/miɪn/	/t͡ɕɨoX/
Pan Wuyun	/min/	/t͡ɕioX/
Shao Rongfen	/mjen/	/t͡ɕioX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/min/	/cuə̆X/
Li Rong	/miĕn/	/t͡ɕioX/
Wang Li	/mĭĕn/	/t͡ɕĭuX/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi̯ĕn/	/t͡ɕi̯uX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mín	zhǔ

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*mi[ŋ]  toʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*min  tjoʔ/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	民	主
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mín	zhǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ mjin ›	‹ tsyuX ›
Old Chinese	/*mi[ŋ]/	/*toʔ/
English	people	master; host
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	民	主
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	9130	17618
Phonetic component	民	主
Rime group	眞	侯
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	民	主
Old Chinese	/*min/	/*tjoʔ/

Noun

民主

1. monarch
2. functionary; official
3. democracy

   君主者，權偏於上；民主者，權偏於下。 [MSC, trad.]
   君主者，权偏于上；民主者，权偏于下。 [MSC, simp.]

   From: 鄭觀應《盛世危言•議院》 (1893)

   Jūnzhǔ zhě, quán piān yú shàng; mínzhǔ zhě, quán piān yú xià. [Pinyin]

   (please add an English translation of this example)

   美國終於產生了歷史上第一位黑人總統巴拉克·奧巴馬，這對於美國的民主政治具有劃時代的意義。 [MSC, trad.]
   美国终于产生了历史上第一位黑人总统巴拉克·奥巴马，这对于美国的民主政治具有划时代的意义。 [MSC, simp.]

   From: 2008: 周琪 (Zhou Qi), 【美国大选观察】奥巴马为什么大胜？ ([Observations on the American Elections] Why did Obama have a great victory?)

   Měiguó zhōngyú chǎnshēng le lìshǐ shàng dì yī wèi hēirén zǒngtǒng Bālākè Àobāmǎ, zhè duìyú měiguó de mínzhǔ zhèngzhì jùyǒu huàshídài de yìyì. [Pinyin]

   The historic election of the US’s first black president, Barack Obama, marked an epoch in the history of American democracy.

Synonyms

• (obsolete) 德謨克拉西／德谟克拉西 (démókèlāxī)

Adjective

民主

1. democratic

   民主協商 / 民主协商  ―  mínzhǔ xiéshāng  ―  democratic consultation

Derived terms

• 民主主義／民主主义 (mínzhǔzhǔyì)
• 民主人士
• 民主改革
• 民主政治
• 民主社會主義／民主社会主义 (mínzhǔ shèhuìzhǔyì)

• 民主集中制
• 民主革命 (mínzhǔ gémìng)
• 民主黨／民主党 (mínzhǔdǎng)
• 民主黨派／民主党派 (Mínzhǔ Dǎngpài)
• 民盟 (Mín-Méng)

---

Japanese

Kanji in this term
民	主
みん Grade: 4	しゅ Grade: 3
on’yomi

Etymology

From Sinitic 民主. Purposed in China in the mid-1860s, giving the word a new meaning, during the translation of the book Elements of International Law into Chinese.

Pronunciation

• On'yomi
• IPA^(key): [miɴɕʲɯᵝ]

Noun

民主 (hiragana みんしゅ, rōmaji minshu)

1. democracy

Synonyms

• 民 (みん)主 (しゅ)主 (しゅ)義 (ぎ) (minshushugi) (more commonly used)

Compounds

• 民 (みん)主 (しゅ)党 (とう) (minshutō): democratic party
• 民主的 (みんしゅてき) (minshuteki): democratic

---

Korean

Hanja in this term
民	主

Noun

民主 • (minju) (hangeul 민주)

1. Hanja form^? of 민주, “democracy”.