涯

涯 U+6DAF, 涯 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6DAF ← 涮 [U+6DAE] CJK Unified Ideographs 涰 → [U+6DB0]

Translingual

Han character

Stroke order

涯 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 水一土土 (EMGG), four-corner 3111₄, composition ⿰氵厓)

Derived characters

• 𠽎 𦹹

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 627, character 38
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17582
• Dae Jaweon: page 1029, character 24
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1643, character 7
• Unihan data for U+6DAF

Chinese

simp. and trad.		涯
alternative forms		漄 厓 𪞢

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 涯
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (圭) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
街	*kreː, *kreː
鞋	*ɡreː, *ɡreː, *ɡreː
娾	*ŋreː, *ŋreːʔ
佳	*kreː
鮭	*ɡreː, *kʷeː, *kʰʷeː
涯	*ŋreː, *ŋre
崖	*ŋreː, *ŋre
啀	*ŋreː
厓	*ŋreː
捱	*ŋreː
睚	*ŋreːs
娃	*qreː
洼	*qreː, *qʷraː, *kʷeː
哇	*qreː, *qʷraː
胿	*ɡeː, *kʷeː
溎	*qeːns
觟	*ɡʷraːʔ
黊	*ɡʷraːʔ, *ɡʷreːs, *ɡʷeː
蘳	*ɡʷraːʔ, *qʰʷe
蛙	*qʷraː, *qʷreː
窪	*qʷraː
卦	*kʷreːs
挂	*kʷreːs
掛	*kʷreːs
詿	*kʷreːs, *ɡʷreːs
罣	*kʷreːs, *ɡʷreːs, *kʷeːs
絓	*kʰʷreː, *ɡʷreːs
鼃	*ɢʷreː, *qʷreː
圭	*kʷeː
珪	*kʷeː
邽	*kʷeː
閨	*kʷeː
袿	*kʷeː
窐	*kʷeː, *ɡʷeː
茥	*kʷeː, *kʰʷeː
桂	*kʷeːs
筀	*kʷeːs
奎	*kʰʷeː
刲	*kʰʷeː
蝰	*kʰʷeː
楏	*kʰʷeː
睳	*qʰʷeː
畦	*ɡʷeː
眭	*ɡʷeː, *sqʰʷe, *qʰʷe, *qʰʷi
烓	*qʷeː, *kʰʷeːŋʔ
跬	*kʰʷeʔ
恚	*qʷes
硅	*qʰʷreɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋreː, *ŋre) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 厓 (OC *ŋreː, “cliff; to limit”). It represents a cliff by the water, conveying the meaning “riverbank” or “shore.”

Etymology 1

From a root *ŋ(ˤ)rar (“slope, nearly vertical side”), whence also 巘 (OC *ŋ(r)ar(ʔ), “hill”), 山 (OC *s-ŋrar, “mountain”), and 顏 (OC *C.ŋˤrar, “forehead”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014).

Same word as 崖 (yá, “cliff”) and 睚 (yá, “rim (of the eye)”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): yá (ya²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄚˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ngai², ya²

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaai⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ngài

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ngai²

• Eastern Min (BUC): ngài
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ga²
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): gâi / gâ

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ngai⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶ya

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yá
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄚˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yá
    • Wade–Giles: ya²
    • Yale: yá
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ya
    • Palladius: я (ja)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jä³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: ngai², ya²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ngai, ia
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋai²¹ ia²¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ngaai⁴
    • Yale: ngàaih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ngaai⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ngai⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaːi̯²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngài
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngai^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngai²
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋai̯¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ngai²
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋaɪ¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ngài
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋai⁵³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Jiangkou, Nanri)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: ga²
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gá
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ka¹³/
  • (Xianyou, Youyang, Fengting)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: ga²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ka²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâi
    • Tâi-lô: gâi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gaai
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ɡai²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡai¹³/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡai²³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâ
    • Tâi-lô: gâ
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gaa
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /ɡa²⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ngai⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngâi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋai⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶ya
    • MiniDict: ya^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhia
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦia²³/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 涯
Mandarin	Beijing	/ia³⁵/
	Harbin	/ia²⁴/
	Tianjin	/iɑ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/iɛ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ia⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ai⁴²/
	Xi'an	/iai²⁴/
	Xining	/ia²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ia⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ia⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ia⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/ia²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ia⁵³/
	Guiyang	/ia²¹/
	Kunming	/ia̠³¹/
	Nanjing	/iɑ²⁴/
	Hefei	/ia⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ia¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ȵiɑ¹³/
	Hohhot	/ia³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦia²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɑ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦie̞²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ŋa³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/ia³¹/
	Tunxi	/ŋɔ⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/ia¹³/
	Xiangtan	/iɒ¹²/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋai¹¹/
	Taoyuan	/ŋɑi¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/ŋai²¹/
	Nanning	/ŋai²¹/
	Hong Kong	/ŋai²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/gai³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ŋai⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ŋa³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ŋãi⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/zai³¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: ngje, ngea

Rime
Character	涯	涯
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	支 (13)	佳 (31)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	魚羈切	五佳切
Baxter	ngje	ngea
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋˠiᴇ/	/ŋˠɛ/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋᵚiɛ/	/ŋᵚæ/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiɛ/	/ŋæi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋjiə̆/	/ŋaɨj/
Li Rong	/ŋje/	/ŋɛ/
Wang Li	/ŋǐe/	/ŋai/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋie̯/	/ŋai/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yí	yá
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji4	ngaai4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ŋˤrar/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋreː/, /*ŋre/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	涯
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yá
Middle Chinese	‹ ngɛ ›
Old Chinese	/*ŋˁrar/
English	river bank; limit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	涯	涯
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	4535	4546
Phonetic component	圭	圭
Rime group	支	支
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	崖	宜
Old Chinese	/*ŋreː/	/*ŋre/

Definitions

涯

1. (literary, or in compounds) bank; shore
2. (literary, or in compounds) limit; boundary; margin

Synonyms

• (limit):

edit

• 墘頭 / 墘头 (Hokkien)
• 崖 (yá) (literary, or in compounds)
• 沿子 (yánzi)
• 沿邊 / 沿边 (yánbiān)
• 界線 / 界线 (jièxiàn)
• 端倪 (duānní) (literary)
• 邊 / 边 (biān)
• 邊墘 / 边墘 (Hokkien)
• 邊沿 / 边沿 (biānyán)
• 邊緣 / 边缘 (biānyuán)
• 邊角 / 边角 (biānjiǎo)
• 邊際 / 边际 (biānjì)

Compounds

• 不自涯
• 咫尺天涯
• 地角天涯
• 天涯 (tiānyá)
• 天涯咫尺
• 天涯地角 (tiānyá dìjiǎo)
• 天涯海角 (tiānyáhǎijiǎo)
• 天涯知己
• 明日天涯
• 橫無際涯 / 横无际涯
• 水涯
• 津涯
• 海角天涯
• 浪跡天涯 / 浪迹天涯
• 涯分
• 涯涘
• 涯詞 / 涯词
• 涯際 / 涯际
• 無涯 / 无涯 (wúyá)
• 生涯 (shēngyá)
• 皮肉生涯
• 神女生涯
• 筆墨生涯 / 笔墨生涯
• 苦海無涯 / 苦海无涯
• 際涯 / 际涯

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 涯 – see 𠊎 (“I; me; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 𠊎).

References

• “涯”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “涯 (天～)”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 149.
• 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “涯”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 273.

Japanese

Kanji

涯

(Jōyō kanji)

1. shore, horizon

Readings

• Go-on: げ (ge)
• Kan-on: がい (gai, Jōyō)
• Kun: はて (hate, 涯)

Compounds

• 一生涯(いっしょうがい) (isshōgai): lifetime
• 境涯(きょうがい) (kyōgai): circumstances; one's situation in life
• 公生涯(こうしょうがい) (kōshōgai): public life
• 際涯(さいがい) (saigai): limits; boundary; end
• 水涯(すいがい) (suigai): water's edge
• 全生涯(ぜんしょうがい) (zenshōgai): one's whole life
• 天涯(てんがい) (tengai): horizon; distant land; skyline; heavenly shores; remote region
• 生涯(しょうがい)学習(がくしゅう) (shōgaigakushū): lifelong learning

Etymology

Kanji in this term
涯
はて Grade: S
kun'yomi

By extension from verb 果(は)てる (hateru, “to be at an end, to finish, to be done”).

The hate reading for 涯 is rare, and is not listed in all dictionaries.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) はて [hàtéꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [ha̠te̞]

Noun

涯(はて) • (hate) 

1. the end of the land: the shore

   Synonyms: 際涯, 限り

2. the end of the visible world: the horizon

References

• “^△涯”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 涯 (MC ngje|ngea). Recorded as Middle Korean 애 (ay) (Yale: ay) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

涯 (eumhun 물가 애 (mulga ae))

1. hanja form^? of 애 (“shore”)

Compounds

• 경애 (境涯, gyeong'ae)
• 생애 (生涯, saeng'ae)
• 애한 (涯限, aehan)
• 천애 (天涯, cheonae)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

Han character

涯: Hán Nôm readings: rượi, nhai, nhười, rười, nhầy

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.