湍

湍 U+6E4D, 湍 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E4D ← 湌 [U+6E4C] CJK Unified Ideographs 湎 → [U+6E4E]

Translingual

Han character

湍 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+9, 12 strokes, Cangjie input 水山一月 (EUMB), four-corner 3212₇, composition ⿰氵耑)

1. rapid water current, rapids

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 636, character 25
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17825
• Dae Jaweon: page 1043, character 23
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1677, character 10
• Unihan data for U+6E4D

Chinese

simp. and trad.		湍
alternative forms		漙／𬇘

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 湍
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (耑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
揣	*toːlʔ, *sʰrolʔ
褍	*toːlʔ, *toːn
惴	*tjols
圌	*djol, *djon
篅	*djol, *djon
瑞	*djols
端	*toːn
剬	*toːn, *tjonʔ
偳	*toːn, *tʰoːn
鍴	*toːn
耑	*toːn
踹	*toːns, *djonʔ
湍	*tʰoːn, *tjon
煓	*tʰoːn
貒	*tʰoːn, *tʰoːns
諯	*stʰons, *tjon, *tʰjons, *djon
顓	*tjon
喘	*tʰjonʔ
遄	*djon
輲	*djon
椯	*djon
歂	*djon, *djonʔ
腨	*djonʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tʰoːn, *tjon): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 耑 (OC *toːn).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): tuān (tuan¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄢ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): teon¹ / tyun¹ / zyun² / cyun²
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chhoan / thoan

  (Teochew, Peng'im): zuêng¹ / zuang¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: tuān
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: tuan
    • Wade–Giles: tʻuan¹
    • Yale: twān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuan
    • Palladius: туань (tuanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu̯än⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: teon¹ / tyun¹ / zyun² / cyun²
    • Yale: tēun / tyūn / jyún / chyún
    • Cantonese Pinyin: toen¹ / tyn¹ / dzyn² / tsyn²
    • Guangdong Romanization: tên¹ / tün¹ / jun² / qun²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰɵn⁵⁵/, /tʰyːn⁵⁵/, /t͡syːn³⁵/, /t͡sʰyːn³⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhoan / thoan
    • Tâi-lô: tshuan / thuan
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zhoafn, toafn
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/, /tʰuan⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰuan³³/, /tʰuan³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/, /tʰuan⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/, /tʰuan⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/, /tʰuan⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: zuêng¹ / zuang¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsueng / tsuang
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sueŋ³³/, /t͡suaŋ³³/

---

• Middle Chinese: thwan, tsywen

Rime
Character	湍	湍
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	透 (6)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	桓 (62)	仙 (78)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	他端切	職緣切
Baxter	thwan	tsywen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰuɑn/	/t͡ɕiuᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰʷɑn/	/t͡ɕʷiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰuɑn/	/t͡ɕjuæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰwan/	/cwian/
Li Rong	/tʰuɑn/	/t͡ɕiuɛn/
Wang Li	/tʰuɑn/	/t͡ɕĭwɛn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tʰuɑn/	/t͡ɕi̯wɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tuān	zhuān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tyun1	zyun1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤor/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tʰoːn/, /*tjon/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	湍
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tuān
Middle Chinese	‹ thwan ›
Old Chinese	/*tʰˁor/
English	rushing water
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	湍	湍
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	2507	2515
Phonetic component	耑	耑
Rime group	元	元
Rime subdivision	3	3
Corresponding MC rime	湍	專
Old Chinese	/*tʰoːn/	/*tjon/

Definitions

湍

1. rapidly flowing water; turbulent water

Compounds

• 急湍 (jítuān)
• 涌湍 (yǒngtuān)
• 湍急 (tuānjí)
• 湍水
• 湍流 (tuānliú)
• 湍瀨 / 湍濑
• 飛湍 / 飞湍
• 驚湍 / 惊湍

References

• “湍”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

湍

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. (literary) shoal water
2. (literary) rapids

Readings

• Go-on: たん (tan)
• Kan-on: たん (tan)
• Kun: はやい (hayai, 湍い)、はやせ (hayase)

Korean

Hanja

湍 (eum 단 (dan))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

湍: Hán Nôm readings: suyền, đoan, thoan, thoăn, thuân

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation