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界

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 畍
界 U+754C, 界
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-754C
← 畋
[U+754B] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 畍 →
[U+754D]

Translingual

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Stroke order
9 strokes
Stroke order (Japan)
9 strokes

Han character

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界 (Kangxi radical 102, 田+4, 9 strokes, Cangjie input 田人中中 (WOLL), four-corner 46128, composition ⿱田介(G) or ⿳田八⿰丿丨(HTJKV))

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 760, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21775
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1170, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2534, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+754C

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 界
alternative forms 畍

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 界
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (介) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
妎 *ɡaːds, *ɡeːds
芥 *kreːds
尬 *kreːds
界 *kreːds
介 *kreːds
疥 *kreːds
玠 *kreːds
砎 *kreːds, *kreːd, *ɡraːd
魪 *kreːds
价 *kreːds
衸 *kreːds, *ɡreːds
齘 *ɡreːds
骱 *ɡaːd, *kreːd
扴 *kreːd
圿 *kreːd
忦 *kreːd

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kreːds): semantic 田 (“field”) + phonetic 介 (OC *kreːds).

Etymology

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Compare perhaps Burmese ခြား (hkra:, “to keep separated”).[1]

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • kài - literary;
  • kè/kòe - vernacular.
Note:
  • gai3 - literary;
  • goi3 - vernacular.
Note:
  • 5ka - vernacular;
  • 5cia - literary;
  • 5cie - main pronunciation in Hangzhounese, literary in Haiyanese;
  • 5kau - only in 過年過界／过年过界.
Rime
Character 界
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 皆 (33)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古拜切
Baxter keajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠɛiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚæiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɐiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kəɨjH/
Li
Rong 		/kɛiH/
Wang
Li 		/kɐiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kăiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiè
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gaai3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 界
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jiè
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kɛjH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁr[e][t]-s/
English boundary

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 界
Reading # 1/1
No. 6524
Phonetic
component 		介
Rime
group 		祭
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		誡
Old
Chinese 		/*kreːds/

Definitions

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界

  1. boundary
    境界  ―  jìngjiè  ―  boundary; state
    中華人民共和國省界糾紛 [MSC, trad.]
    中华人民共和国省界纠纷 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó shěngjiè jiūfēn [Pinyin]
    PRC provincial boundary dispute
  2. domain; realm; zone; area
  3. circle; world; industry
    音樂界／音乐界  ―  yīnyuèjiè  ―  the music world; music circles
  4. (taxonomy) kingdom

Compounds

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See also

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taxonomic ranksedit

References

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  1. ^ Luce, G. H. (1981), “-A Finals (17. to Separate; Boundary; Different)”, in A Comparative Word-List of Old Burmese, Chinese and Tibetan, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, →ISBN, page 1

Further reading

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Japanese

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Kanji

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界

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. world
  2. border

Readings

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(Can we verify(+) this pronunciation?)

  • Go-on: け (ke)
  • Kan-on: かい (kai, Jōyō)
  • Kun: さかい (sakai, 界)←さかひ (sakafi, 界, historical)

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
界
かい
Grade: 3
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 界 (MC keajH, “boundary”).

In Buddhist contexts, derived from the Middle Chinese term used as a translation of Sanskrit धातु (dhātu, “layer, stratum”).[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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界(かい) • (kai) 

  1. boundary
  2. a bounded area or region
  3. a bounded group of people, a society, a world as a social grouping, such as business, celebrities, or finance
    Used both as a standalone noun, and in compounds. Use in compounds is more common in this sense.
    自然(しぜん)の界(かい)、自然(しぜん)界(かい)
    shizen no kai, shizenkai
    the natural world
    美術界(びじゅつかい)
    bijutsukai
    the art world
  4. the border edge of a thing
  5. (Buddhism) the category of a thing
  6. (Buddhism) the world or realm of a thing
  7. lines drawn between the lines of a text, as on lined writing paper
  8. lines drawn to lay out a draft of a piece of artwork: a sketch
  9. (biology, taxonomy) a kingdom
  10. (geology) a stratum corresponding to a geologic age
Coordinate terms
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taxonomic ranksedit
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
界
さかい
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 界 – see the following entry.
【境さかい】5
[noun] border, boundary, limits
[proper noun] a surname
(This term, 界, is an alternative spelling (less common) of the above term.)

Usage notes

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  • More commonly spelled 境. Derived terms primarily use that spelling, so see that entry for more details.

References

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  1. ^ “界”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 界 (MC keajH). Recorded as Middle Korean 계〯 (kyěy) (Yale: kyey) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

界 (eumhun 지경 계 (jigyeong gye))

  1. hanja form? of 계 (“boundary”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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界: Hán Việt readings: giới[1][2][3][4][5][6], giái[7][8][9]
界: Nôm readings: giái[4]

  1. chữ Hán form of giới (“world; (taxonomy) kingdom; scene”)

Compounds

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References

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  1. ^ Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ^ Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ^ Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Takeuchi (1988).
  5. ^ Hồ (1976).
  6. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
  7. ^ Bonet (1899).
  8. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  9. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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