白
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Translingual[edit]
Stroke order | |||
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Han character[edit]
白 (Kangxi radical 106, 白+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹日 (HA), four-corner 26000, composition ⿱丿日)
- Kangxi radical #106, ⽩.
Derived characters[edit]
- Appendix:Chinese radical/白
- 伯, 𪞜, 㕷, 𡊚, 𡛳, 𪦺, 岶, 帕, 廹, 怕, 拍, 泊, 狛, 迫, 𢫗, 𣆆, 柏, 𭯖, 𤇢, 𭷛, 珀, 胉, 𥙃, 𭼈, 𥍡, 𥎷, 砶, 䄸, 袙, 粕, 絈, 𦐚, 舶, 𦫖, 𬠀, 貃, 䞟, 𫏴, 𨠘, 鉑(铂), 𧆽, 𩊀, 𩗀(𩙦), 𩛇, 𬈻, 鮊(鲌), 𧇤
- 劰, 𫨷, 𨚮, 敀, 𤝡, 㼟, 䎅, 𦫙, 𩑻, 魄, 䳆, 㒵, 𠡈, 𭎊, 㚖, 帛, 𣌣, 𢘣, 𣐩, 泉, 𭽾, 𨋧, 𣹻, 𩲸, 𣰗, 㒶, 苩, 𥬝, 𩶑, 𬲉
- 習 (in current form)
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 785, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 22678
- Dae Jaweon: page 1196, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2642, character 1
- Unihan data for U+767D
Chinese[edit]
simp. and trad. |
白 |
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Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 白 | |||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Old Chinese | |
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怕 | *pʰraːɡs, *pʰraːɡ |
帕 | *pʰraːɡs, *mbraːd |
粕 | *pʰaːɡ, *pʰraːɡ |
胉 | *pʰaːɡ |
泊 | *baːɡ |
箔 | *baːɡ |
魄 | *tʰaːɡ, *pʰraːɡ |
皕 | *prɯɡ |
伯 | *praːɡ |
百 | *praːɡ |
迫 | *praːɡ |
敀 | *praːɡ, *pʰraːɡ |
柏 | *praːɡ |
湐 | *praːɡ |
拍 | *pʰraːɡ |
珀 | *pʰraːɡ |
皛 | *pʰraːɡ, *ɡeːwʔ |
洦 | *mpʰraːɡ, *mbraːɡ |
白 | *braːɡ |
帛 | *braːɡ |
舶 | *braːɡ |
鮊 | *braːɡ |
陌 | *mbraːɡ |
帞 | *mbraːɡ |
袹 | *mbraːɡ |
蛨 | *mbraːɡ |
貊 | *mbraːɡ |
佰 | *mbraːɡ |
銆 | *mbraːɡ |
碧 | *praɡ, *preɡ |
咟 | *ɦmreːɡ |
Unclear; probably a pictogram (象形).
Guo (1954) suggests that it represents a thumb and is original form of 拇 (OC *mɯʔ) or, more probably, 擘 (OC *preːɡ).
Alternatively, Unger (apud Schuessler, 2007) suggests that it represents an acorn, noting its use in 樂 (“oak”) (= 櫟) and 皂 (“acorn”).
Etymology[edit]
STEDT derives it from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bawk (“white”), whence also Proto-Bodo-Garo *bok (“white”), Limbu ᤑ (phô, “white”); also compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɓɔɔk (“white, grey”).
However, Schuessler (2007) finds it difficult to reconcile these forms with Middle Chinese due to the lack of medial r. Instead, he proposes a derivation from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bar (“white”) with -k extension, thus cognate with 皤 (OC *baːl, “white”) (Wang, 1982), Mizo vâr (“(to be) white”), Proto-Karen *ʔ(b)wa (“white”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
白
- white
- clear; easy to understand
- clear; pure; plain; blank
- bright; well-lit
- 凡殤與無後者,祭於宗子之家,當室之白,尊於東房,是謂陽厭。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, circa 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Fánshāng yǔ wúhòu zhě, jì yú zōngzǐ zhī jiā, dāng shì zhī bái, zūn yú dōng fáng, shì wèi yángyàn. [Pinyin]
- In regard to all others who have died prematurely and have left no offspring, the sacrifice is offered to them in the house of the oldest son, where the apartment is the most light, with the vases in the chamber on the east. This is what is called the bright satisfying offering.
凡殇与无后者,祭于宗子之家,当室之白,尊于东房,是谓阳厌。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 相與枕藉乎舟中,不知東方之既白。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 1082, 蘇軾 (Su Shi), 《前赤壁賦》
- Xiàngyǔ zhěnjiè hū zhōu zhōng, bù zhī dōngfāng zhī jì bái. [Pinyin]
- The cups and plates leaned against one another in the boat, and we did not know the East has already turned bright white.
相与枕借乎舟中,不知东方之既白。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- eminent; prominent
- 是故窮則不隱,通則大明,身死而名彌白。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Xunzi, circa 3rd century BCE
- Shìgù qióng zé bù yǐn, tōng zé dà míng, shēn sǐ ér míng mí bái. [Pinyin]
- Therefore, the superior man, when in poverty or distress, is not obscured, and when his life is smooth, he becomes more famous. After his death, his reputation becomes even more prominent.
是故穷则不隐,通则大明,身死而名弥白。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- vernacular
- dialect
- Short for 白讀/白读 (báidú, “colloquial reading”).
- reactionary; anticommunist
- in vain; for nothing
- free of charge; gratuitous; gratis
- to stare coldly; to stare at someone with the white of the eyes
- to explain; to present; to state
- to mispronounce or wrongly write a character
- spoken lines
- funeral
- A surname. Bai
- 白崇禧 ― Bái Chóngxǐ ― Bai Chongxi
- (~族) Bai, an ethnic group living primarily in Yunnan, China
Synonyms[edit]
- (in vain): (Min Nan) 干
Descendants[edit]
Others:
- → Proto-Southwestern Tai: *pʰɯəkᴰ¹ᴸ
- Thai: เผือก (pʉ̀ʉak)
- → Proto-Vietic: *baːk
- Vietnamese: bạc
- → Vietnamese: bệch (“chalky; sickly white”)
Compounds[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- “Entry #1860”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: びゃく (byaku, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: はく (haku, Jōyō)
- Sō-on: ぱい (pai)
- Kun: しろ (shiro, 白, Jōyō); しら (shira, 白, Jōyō †); しろい (shiroi, 白い, Jōyō); もうす (mōsu, 白す)←まうす (mausu, historical)←まをす (mawosu, ancient); しらむ (shiramu, 白む)
- Nanori: あき (aki); あきら (akira); か (ka); きよ (kiyo); きよし (kiyoshi); し (shi); しろし (shiroshi); はっ (wa')
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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白 |
しろ Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
⟨siro1⟩ → */sirʷo/ → /ɕiro/
From Old Japanese.
The standalone apophonic form of shira below.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- the color white
- (by extension) innocence
- (go) a white go stone
- something unwritten
- (colloquial) the white team in a 紅白 (kōhaku) group
- (colloquial) an unlicensed prostitute
- (colloquial) Short for 銀 (shirogane): silver
- (colloquial) Synonym of 塩 (shio): salt
- (colloquial) Short for 白書院 (shiroshoin): a specific kind of drawing room or study, using unpainted cedar wood with straight grain
- a type of もつ焼き (motsuyaki) made from pig intestines
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
白 |
しら Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
⟨sira⟩ → /ɕira/
From Old Japanese.
The combining apophonic form of shiro above, mostly used in compounds.
Pronunciation[edit]
Prefix[edit]
- Combining form of しろ (shiro) above:
Derived terms[edit]
Adjective[edit]
白 • (shira) -na (adnominal 白な (shira na), adverbial 白に (shira ni))
- unapplied, undecorated; also the object that is unapplied or undecorated
- honest, serious; also the person who is honest or serious
- normal, unspecial; also the person who is normal or unspecial in position, occupation, or condition
Inflection[edit]
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 白だろ | しらだろ | shira daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 白で | しらで | shira de |
Terminal (終止形) | 白だ | しらだ | shira da |
Attributive (連体形) | 白な | しらな | shira na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 白なら | しらなら | shira nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 白であれ | しらであれ | shira de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 白ではない 白じゃない |
しらではない しらじゃない |
shira de wa nai shira ja nai |
Informal past | 白だった | しらだった | shira datta |
Informal negative past | 白ではなかった 白じゃなかった |
しらではなかった しらじゃなかった |
shira de wa nakatta shira ja nakatta |
Formal | 白です | しらです | shira desu |
Formal negative | 白ではありません 白じゃありません |
しらではありません しらじゃありません |
shira de wa arimasen shira ja arimasen |
Formal past | 白でした | しらでした | shira deshita |
Formal negative past | 白ではありませんでした 白じゃありませんでした |
しらではありませんでした しらじゃありませんでした |
shira de wa arimasen deshita shira ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 白で | しらで | shira de |
Conditional | 白なら(ば) | しらなら(ば) | shira nara (ba) |
Provisional | 白だったら | しらだったら | shira dattara |
Volitional | 白だろう | しらだろう | shira darō |
Adverbial | 白に | しらに | shira ni |
Degree | 白さ | しらさ | shirasa |
Stem forms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 白なら | しらなら | siranara | |
Continuative (連用形) | 白に[1] 白なり[2] |
しらに しらなり |
sirani siranari | |
Terminal (終止形) | 白なり | しらなり | siranari | |
Attributive (連体形) | 白なる | しらなる | siranaru | |
Realis (已然形) | 白なれ | しらなれ | siranare | |
Imperative (命令形) | 白なれ | しらなれ | siranare | |
Key constructions | ||||
Negative | 白ならず | しらならず | siranarazu | |
Contrasting conjunction | 白なれど | しらなれど | siranaredo | |
Causal conjunction | 白なれば | しらなれば | siranareba | |
Conditional conjunction | 白ならば | しらならば | siranaraba | |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 白なりき | しらなりき | siranariki | |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 白なりけり | しらなりけり | siranarikeri | |
Adverbial | 白に | しらに | sirani | |
[1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb. |
Idioms[edit]
- 白を切る (shira o kiru)
Etymology 3[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
白 |
はく Grade: 1 |
kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 白 (MC bˠæk̚).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- the color white
- Short for 白人 (hakujin): an amateur
- a performer's lines
- Synonym: 台詞 (serifu)
- (mahjong) a white dragon tile
- (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of white dragon tiles, worth 1 翻 (han, “double”)
- Hypernym: 役牌 (yakuhai, yaku-pai)
Coordinate terms[edit]
- 三元牌 (sangenpai, “dragon tiles”): 白 (haku, “white dragon”), 發/𤼵 (hatsu, “green dragon”), 中 (chun, “red dragon”)
Affix[edit]
- white
- colorless, dirtless, markless
- bright and clear
- humbly say
- sake cup
- Short for 白居易 (Haku Kyoi): Bai Juyi
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 4[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
白 |
びゃく Grade: 1 |
goon |
From Middle Chinese 白 (MC bˠæk̚).
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the original borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Affix[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Hanja[edit]
Hanja[edit]
See also[edit]
Okinawan[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Cognate with Japanese 白 (shiro, “white”).
Noun[edit]
白 (hiragana しるー, rōmaji shirū)
- white (color)
- くれー、白やいびーん。
- Kurē, shirū yaibīn.
- This is white.
- くれー、白やいびーん。
References[edit]
- Okinawan-English Wordbook (Mitsugu Sakihara)
Old Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
The first attested meaning is "to report to a superior", from which the generally honorific meaning developed, presumably via an intermediary circumlocutional construction which is not attested. The orthography is logogramic; see the Chinese entry's definitions, specifically “to explain; to present; to state”.
Verb[edit]
白 (*SOLPO-)
- to inform a superior; to report
- an auxiliary verb or suffix honoring the direct or indirect object of the main verb [from c. 865.]
- 1120, King Yejong of Goryeo, “悼二將歌 (Doijang-ga)”, in 平山申氏系譜 (Pyeongsan Sin-ssi Gyebo) [Genealogy of the Pyeongsan Sin descent group]:
- an auxiliary verb or suffix honoring the subject of the main verb
- Synonym: 賜 (*-si)
Descendants[edit]
- Middle Korean: ᄉᆞᆲ다 (solpta, “to report to a superior”)
- Middle Korean: ᅀᆞᇦ (-zoW-, verbal honorific suffix for the direct or indirect object)
- Early Modern Korean: ᄉᆞᆸ (-seup), ᄋᆞᆸ (-eup)
- Korean: 으옵 (-euop-), 오 (-o-)
- ⇒ Korean: 습니다 (-seumnida), ㅂ니다 (-mnida)
- ⇒ Korean: 습니까 (-seumnikka), ㅂ니까 (-mnikka)
- ⇒ Korean: 십시오 (-sipsio), 으십시오 (-eusipsio)
- ⇒ Korean: 읍시다 (-eupsida), ㅂ시다 (-psida)
- ⇒ Korean: 습디다 (-seupdida, dated), ㅂ디다 (-pdida)
- ⇒ Korean: 습디까 (-seupdikka, dated), ㅂ디까 (-pdikka)
- ⇒ Korean: 소 (-so, semi-formal speech level suffix)
- ⇒ Korean: 요 (-yo, casually polite speech level particle)
- Jeju: 읍 (-eup-) (no longer productive)
- ⇒ Jeju: 읍서 (-eupseo), Jeju: ㅂ서 (-pseo)
- ⇒ Jeju: 읍센 (-eupsen), Jeju: ㅂ센 (-psen)
- ⇒ Jeju: 읍주 (-eupju), Jeju: ㅂ주 (-pju)
- ⇒ Jeju: 읍데다 (-eupdeda), Jeju: ㅂ데다 (-pdeda)
- ⇒ Jeju: 읍네다 (-eumneda), Jeju: ㅂ네다 (-mneda)
- ⇒ Jeju: 읍데가 (-eupdega), Jeju: ㅂ데가 (-pdega)
- ⇒ Jeju: 읍네까 (-eumnekka), Jeju: ㅂ네까 (-mnekka)
- Early Modern Korean: ᄉᆞᆸ (-seup), ᄋᆞᆸ (-eup)
References[edit]
- 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop), 이전경 (Yi Jeon-gyeong), 하귀녀 (Ha Gwi-nyeo), 이용 (Yi Yong), 박진호 (Park Jin-ho), 김성주 (Kim Seong-ju), 장경준 (Jang Gyeong-jun), 서민욱 (Seo Min-uk), 이지영 (Yi Ji-yeong), 서형국 (Seo Hyeong-guk). (2009) 석독구결사전/釋讀口訣辭典 [Dictionary of interpretive gugyeol], Bakmunsa, →ISBN, pages 168—169
- 남풍현 (Nam Pung-hyeon) (2011), “古代韓國語의 謙讓法 助動詞 '白/ᄉᆞᆲ'과 '內/아'의 發達 [The development of the Old Korean humble auxiliary verbs '白 SOLP-' and '內 *A-']”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 26, pages 131–166
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
白: Hán Việt readings: bạch (
白: Nôm readings: bạch[1][2][3], bạc[1][3], trắng[1]
Compounds[edit]
- 暴白 (bộc bạch)
- 白楊 (bạch dương)
- 白球 (bạch cầu)
- 白羊 (Bạch Dương)
- 白血 (bạch huyết)
- 白馬 (Bạch Mã)
References[edit]
Zhuang[edit]
Verb[edit]
白
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- Japanese kanji with nanori reading きよし
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading し
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading しろし
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading はっ
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