禁

禁 U+7981, 禁 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7981 ← 禀 [U+7980] CJK Unified Ideographs 禂 → [U+7982]

Translingual

Han character

禁 (radical 113, 示+8, 13 strokes, cangjie input 木木一一火 (DDMMF), four-corner 4490₁, composition ⿱林示)

References

• KangXi: page 844, character 10
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24743
• Dae Jaweon: page 1264, character 11
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2400, character 4
• Unihan data for U+7981

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		禁

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (林) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
婪	*ɡ·ruːm
惏	*ɡ·ruːm
啉	*ɡ·ruːm
漤	*ɡ·ruːmʔ
醂	*ɡ·ruːmʔ
林	*ɡ·rɯm
琳	*ɡ·rɯm
淋	*ɡ·rɯm, *ɡ·rɯms
痳	*ɡ·rɯm
箖	*ɡ·rɯm
霖	*ɡ·rɯm
菻	*ɡ·rɯmʔ, *ɡ·rɯms
罧	*slɯmʔ, *srɯms
棽	*r̥ʰɯm, *srɯm
綝	*r̥ʰɯm
郴	*r̥ʰɯm
禁	*krɯm, *krɯms
襟	*krɯm
僸	*krɯms, *ŋɡrɯmʔ
澿	*ɡrɯm
噤	*ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms
凚	*ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms
齽	*ɡrɯms

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *krɯm, *krɯms): phonetic 林 (OC *ɡ·rɯm) + semantic 示 (“altar”).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krim (“custom, prohibition”). Compare Tibetan ཁྲིམས (khrims, “law, rule; habit”), Mizo hrem (“to punish”) and Japhug khrɯm (“punishment”), although the latter may be a borrowed from Tibetan (Jacques, 2015; Jacques, 2004: 89).

Schessler (2007) also adds Burmese ခြိမ် (hkrim, “to threaten”) to the list of the possible cognates, however this word likely belongs to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-krim (“to threaten”).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jīn (jin¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gam¹, kam¹
• Min Dong (BUC): gĭng
• Wu (Wiktionary): jin (T1)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: jīn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣ
    • Wade–Giles: chin1
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jin
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jin
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: gam¹, kam¹
    • Yale: gām, kām
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gam¹, kam¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gem¹, kem¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐm⁵⁵/, /kʰɐm⁵⁵/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: jin (T1)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕɪɲ⁵³/

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• Middle Chinese: /kˠiɪm/

Rime
Character	禁
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	侵 (140)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	Chongniu III
Fanqie	居吟切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiɪm/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚim/
Shao Rongfen	/kiem/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kjim/
Li Rong	/kjəm/
Wang Li	/kĭĕm/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯əm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jīn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gam1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*krɯm/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	禁
Reading #	1/2
No.	8180
Phonetic component	林
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	金
Old Chinese	/*krɯm/

Definitions

禁

1. to bear; to endure
2. to be able to withstand
   • 我唔禁激㗎。 [Cantonese]  ―  ngo⁵ m⁴ kam¹ gik¹ gaa³. [Jyutping]  ―  I cannot stand getting annoyed.
3. (usually used in the negative) to contain oneself; to restrain oneself
4. to torment; to torture
5. (Cantonese) durable

   • 件衫啲料好禁喎。 [Cantonese, trad.]
     件衫啲料好禁㖞。 [Cantonese, simp.]

     gin⁶ saam¹ di¹ liu^6-2 hou² kam¹ wo³. [Jyutping]

     The shirt's material is quite durable.

6. Alternative form of 襟 (jīn, “coat sash; belt (to fasten clothes); girdle”).

Compounds

Derived terms from 禁

• 不禁 (bùjīn)
• 不禁技癢／不禁技痒
• 不自禁
• 喜不自禁
• 忍俊不禁 (rěnjùnbùjīn)
• 情不自禁 (qíngbùzìjīn)

• 禁不住 (jīnbuzhù)
• 禁不得
• 禁不起 (jīnbùqǐ)
• 禁受
• 禁得
• 禁得住

• 禁得起
• 禁架
• 禁當／禁当
• 禁節兒／禁节儿
• 禁計／禁计
• 禁諗／禁谂

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jìn (jin⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gam³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kim
• Min Bei (KCR): gēng
• Min Dong (BUC): géng / gêng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): kìm

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gim³

• Wu (Wiktionary): jin (T2)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: jìn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˋ
    • Wade–Giles: chin4
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinn
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jìn
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: gam³
    • Yale: gam
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gam³
    • Guangdong Romanization: gem³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐm³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kim
    • Hakka Romanization System: gim
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gim⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kim⁵⁵/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gēng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /keiŋ⁵⁵/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: géng / gêng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɛiŋ²¹³/, /kɛiŋ²⁴²/

Note:

• géng - literary;
• gêng - vernacular (“to warn; to caution against”).

Min Nan

• (Hokkien)
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kìm
  • Tâi-lô: kìm
  • Phofsit Daibuun: kixm
  • IPA (Xiamen): /kim²¹/
  • IPA (Quanzhou): /kim⁴¹/
  • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kim²¹/
  • IPA (Taipei): /kim¹¹/
  • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kim²¹/
• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: gim³
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kìm
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kim²¹³/

Wu

• (Shanghainese)
  • Wiktionary: jin (T2)
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕɪɲ³⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: /kˠiɪm^H/

Rime
Character	禁
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	侵 (140)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	Chongniu III
Fanqie	居蔭切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiɪmH/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚimH/
Shao Rongfen	/kiemH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kjimH/
Li Rong	/kjəmH/
Wang Li	/kĭĕmH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯əmH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jìn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gam3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kr[ə]m-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*krɯms/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	禁
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jìn
Middle Chinese	‹ kimH ›
Old Chinese	/*kr[ə]m-s/
English	prohibit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	禁
Reading #	2/2
No.	8181
Phonetic component	林
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	禁
Old Chinese	/*krɯms/

Definitions

禁

1. to prohibit; to forbid; to restrict
2. to pin down; to restrain
3. to block; to hinder
4. to imprison; to detain; to take into custody
5. to use incantation
6. to store up; to hoard
7. ban; prohibition; restriction; interdict
8. taboo; banned item or thing
9. prison; jail; confinement
10. (historical) court; palace
11. (historical) ritual table; wine altar
12. sorcery; incantation; spell

Compounds

Derived terms from 禁

• 令行禁止
• 偷嚐禁果／偷尝禁果
• 冷禁
• 厲禁／厉禁
• 呵禁
• 問禁／问禁
• 嚴禁／严禁 (yánjìn)
• 囚禁 (qiújìn)
• 報禁／报禁 (bàojìn)
• 夜禁
• 失禁 (shījìn)
• 宮禁／宫禁 (gōngjìn)
• 宵禁 (xiāojìn)
• 寒禁
• 寓禁於征／寓禁于征
• 尿失禁 (niàoshījìn)
• 幽禁 (yōujìn)
• 弛禁
• 形格勢禁／形格势禁
• 拘禁 (jūjìn)
• 搖手觸禁／摇手触禁
• 查禁 (chájìn)
• 止暴禁非
• 氣禁／气禁
• 法禁
• 海禁 (hǎijìn)
• 清禁
• 火禁
• 煙禁／烟禁
• 牢頭禁子／牢头禁子
• 犯禁 (fànjìn)
• 獨居監禁／独居监禁
• 百無禁忌／百无禁忌 (bǎiwújìnjì)
• 監禁／监禁 (jiānjìn)
• 目禁
• 禁中
• 禁令 (jìnlìng)
• 禁例 (jìnlì)
• 禁制 (jìnzhì)
• 禁制令 (jìnzhìlìn)
• 禁加
• 禁勘
• 禁區／禁区 (jìnqū)
• 禁卒
• 禁口

• 禁咒
• 禁品 (jìnpǐn)
• 禁土
• 禁地
• 禁坐
• 禁城
• 禁壓／禁压
• 禁夜
• 禁姦除猾／禁奸除猾
• 禁子
• 禁宮／禁宫
• 禁害
• 禁屠
• 禁建
• 禁役
• 禁忌 (jìnjì)
• 禁忌站臺／禁忌站台
• 禁慾／禁欲 (jìnyù)
• 禁慾主義／禁欲主义 (jìnyùzhǔyì)
• 禁戒
• 禁所
• 禁持
• 禁挫
• 禁掖
• 禁斷／禁断
• 禁方
• 禁暴誅亂／禁暴诛乱
• 禁暴靜亂／禁暴静乱
• 禁書／禁书 (jìnshū)
• 禁林
• 禁果 (jìnguǒ)
• 禁止 (jìnzhǐ)
• 禁步
• 禁治
• 禁治產／禁治产
• 禁演
• 禁火
• 禁煙／禁烟 (jìnyān)
• 禁煙節／禁烟节
• 禁牌
• 禁省 (jìnshěng)
• 禁絕／禁绝 (jìnjué)
• 禁網／禁网
• 禁網疏闊／禁网疏阔

• 禁聲／禁声
• 禁臠／禁脔 (jìnluán)
• 禁苑 (jìnyuàn)
• 禁藥／禁药
• 禁衛／禁卫
• 禁衛軍／禁卫军
• 禁衢
• 禁製品／禁制品 (jìnzhìpǐn)
• 禁足 (jìnzú)
• 禁軍／禁军 (jìnjūn)
• 禁遏
• 禁酒 (jìnjiǔ)
• 禁錮／禁锢 (jìngù)
• 禁門／禁门
• 禁閉／禁闭 (jìnbì)
• 禁閉室／禁闭室
• 禁阻
• 禁食 (jìnshí)
• 禁體／禁体
• 禁鼓
• 空中禁區／空中禁区
• 紫禁
• 紫禁城 (Zǐjìnchéng)
• 脫禁／脱禁
• 茶禁
• 菸禁／烟禁
• 蠶禁／蚕禁
• 解禁 (jiějìn)
• 觸禁犯忌／触禁犯忌
• 詰禁／诘禁
• 違禁／违禁 (wéijìn)
• 違禁品／违禁品 (wéijìnpǐn)
• 邦禁
• 配合禁忌
• 酒禁 (jiǔjìn)
• 金吾不禁
• 鎖禁／锁禁
• 門禁／门禁 (ménjìn)
• 門禁森嚴／门禁森严
• 開禁／开禁
• 關禁／关禁
• 髮禁／发禁
• 鶴禁／鹤禁
• 黨禁／党禁 (dǎngjìn)

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Japanese

Kanji

禁

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. prohibition

Readings

• Go-on: こん (kon)
• Kan-on: きん (kin, Jōyō)
• Kun: とどめる (todomeru, 禁める); いさめる (isameru, 禁める); たえる (taeru)

Compounds

Compounds

• 禁漁(きんりょう) (kinryō), 禁漁(きんぎょ) (kingyo): prohibition on fishing
• 禁猟(きんりょう) (kinryō): prohibition on hunting
• 軟禁(なんきん) (nankin): house arrest
• 禁煙(きんえん) (kin'en): smoke ban; to stop smoking

Kanji in this term
禁
きん Grade: 5
on’yomi

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Kan’on
• (Tokyo) き​ん [kíꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [kʲĩɴ]

Noun

禁(きん) • (kin) 

1. prohibition

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Korean

Hanja

禁 (eumhun 금할 금 (geumhal geum))

1. Hanja form^? of 금 (“prohibition”).

Compounds

• 금지 (禁止, geumji, “prohibition”)
• 금기 (禁忌, geumgi, “taboo”)

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Vietnamese

Han character

禁: Hán Nôm readings: cấm, bấm, quắm

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.