禁

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禁 U+7981, 禁
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7981
← 禀
[U+7980] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 禂 →
[U+7982]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

禁 (radical 113, 示+8, 13 strokes, cangjie input 木木一一火 (DDMMF), four-corner 44901, composition ⿱林示)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 844, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24743
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1264, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2400, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+7981

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 禁

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (林) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
婪 *ɡ·ruːm
惏 *ɡ·ruːm
啉 *ɡ·ruːm
漤 *ɡ·ruːmʔ
醂 *ɡ·ruːmʔ
林 *ɡ·rɯm
琳 *ɡ·rɯm
淋 *ɡ·rɯm, *ɡ·rɯms
痳 *ɡ·rɯm
箖 *ɡ·rɯm
霖 *ɡ·rɯm
菻 *ɡ·rɯmʔ, *ɡ·rɯms
罧 *slɯmʔ, *srɯms
棽 *r̥ʰɯm, *srɯm
綝 *r̥ʰɯm
郴 *r̥ʰɯm
禁 *krɯm, *krɯms
襟 *krɯm
僸 *krɯms, *ŋɡrɯmʔ
澿 *ɡrɯm
噤 *ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms
凚 *ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms
齽 *ɡrɯms

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *krɯm, *krɯms): phonetic 林 (OC *ɡ·rɯm) + semantic 示 (“altar”).

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krim (“custom, prohibition”). Compare Tibetan ཁྲིམས (khrims, “law, rule; habit”), Mizo hrem (“to punish”) and Japhug khrɯm (“punishment”), although the latter may be a borrowed from Tibetan (Jacques, 2015; Jacques, 2004: 89).

Schessler (2007) also adds Burmese ခြိမ် (hkrim, “to threaten”) to the list of the possible cognates, however this word likely belongs to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-krim (“to threaten”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Rime
Character 禁
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 侵 (140)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) Chongniu III
Fanqie 居吟切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠiɪm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚim/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kjim/
Li
Rong 		/kjəm/
Wang
Li 		/kĭĕm/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ki̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jīn
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 禁
Reading # 1/2
No. 8180
Phonetic
component 		林
Rime
group 		侵
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		金
Old
Chinese 		/*krɯm/

Definitions[edit]

禁

  1. to bear; to endure
  2. to be able to withstand
    • 我唔禁激㗎。 [Cantonese]  ―  Ngo5 m4 kam1 gik1 gaa3. [Jyutping]  ―  I cannot stand getting annoyed.
  3. (usually used in the negative) to contain oneself; to restrain oneself
  4. to torment; to torture
  5. (Cantonese) durable
  6. Alternative form of 襟 (jīn, “coat sash; belt (to fasten clothes); girdle”).

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 禁

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Note:
  • géng - literary;
  • gêng - vernacular (“to warn; to caution against”).
  • Min Nan
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 禁
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 侵 (140)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) Chongniu III
    Fanqie 居蔭切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kˠiɪmH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kᵚimH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kiemH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kjimH/
    Li
    Rong         		/kjəmH/
    Wang
    Li         		/kĭĕmH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ki̯əmH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jìn
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 禁
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		jìn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kimH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kr[ə]m-s/
    English prohibit

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 禁
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 8181
    Phonetic
    component         		林
    Rime
    group         		侵
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		禁
    Old
    Chinese         		/*krɯms/

    Definitions[edit]

    禁

    1. to prohibit; to forbid; to restrict
    2. to pin down; to restrain
    3. to block; to hinder
    4. to imprison; to detain; to take into custody
    5. to use incantation
    6. to store up; to hoard
    7. ban; prohibition; restriction; interdict
    8. taboo; banned item or thing
    9. prison; jail; confinement
    10. (historical) court; palace
    11. sorcery; incantation; spell

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 禁

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    禁

    (grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. prohibition

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds


    Kanji in this term
    禁
    きん
    Grade: 5
    on’yomi

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    禁 (hiragana きん, rōmaji kin)

    1. prohibition

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    禁 • (geum) (hangeul 금, revised geum, McCune–Reischauer kŭm, Yale kum)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    禁 (cấm, bấm, quắm)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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