緩

See also: 缓

Translingual

Han character

緩 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+9, 15 strokes, cangjie input 女火月一水 (VFBME), four-corner 2294₇, composition ⿰糹爰)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 931, character 12
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27669
• Dae Jaweon: page 1369, character 14
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3429, character 10
• Unihan data for U+7DE9

---

Chinese

trad.		緩
simp.		缓

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (爰) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
暖	*noːnʔ
煖	*noːnʔ, *qʰʷan
喛	*qʰʷaːns, *qʰʷan
緩	*ɢʷaːnʔ
鰀	*ɢʷaːnʔ
嵈	*ɢʷaːnʔ
鍰	*ɢʷraːn
湲	*ɢʷan
媛	*ɢʷans, *ɢʷan
瑗	*ɢʷans
援	*ɢʷans, *ɢʷan
褑	*ɢʷans
諼	*qʰʷan, *qʰʷanʔ
愋	*qʰʷan
楥	*qʰʷans
爰	*ɢʷan
鶢	*ɢʷan
蝯	*ɢʷan
猨	*ɢʷan

Originally written as 𦅻. Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷaːnʔ) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 爰 (OC *ɢʷan).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): huǎn (huan³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄢˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): wun⁶ / wun⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): fon / fón

  (Meixian, Guangdong): fon⁴

• Northern Min (KCR): hūing
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hoǎn / hoān / oǎn / oān

  (Teochew, Peng'im): huêng² / huang² / mang⁷

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: huǎn
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄢˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: huǎn
    • Wade–Giles: huan³
    • Yale: hwǎn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hoan
    • Palladius: хуань (xuanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯än²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: wun⁶ / wun⁴
    • Yale: wuhn / wùhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: wun⁶ / wun⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: wun⁶ / wun⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wuːn²²/, /wuːn²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fon / fón
    • Hakka Romanization System: fon / fon^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: fon⁴ / fon³
    • Sinological IPA: /fon⁵⁵/, /fon³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: fon⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /fɔn⁵³/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hūing
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuiŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoǎn
    • Tâi-lô: huǎn
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /huan²²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoān
    • Tâi-lô: huān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoan
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /huan²²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oǎn
    • Tâi-lô: uǎn
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /uan²²/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oān
    • Tâi-lô: uān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: oan
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /uan²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /uan³³/

Note:

• hoǎn/hoān - literary;
• oǎn/oān - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: huêng² / huang² / mang⁷
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huéng / huáng / māng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hueŋ⁵²/, /huaŋ⁵²/, /maŋ¹¹/

Note:

• huêng2/huang2 - literary (huêng2 - Chaozhou);
• mang7 - semantic (訓讀) (original character is 慢).

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 緩
Mandarin	Beijing	/xuan²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/xuan²¹³/
	Tianjin	/xuan¹³/
	Jinan	/xuã⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/xuã⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/xuan⁵³/
	Xi'an	/xuã⁵³/
	Xining	/xuã⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/xuan⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/xuɛ̃n⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/xuan⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/xuan⁴²/
	Chengdu	/xuan⁵³/
	Guiyang	/xuan⁴²/
	Kunming	/xuã̠⁵³/
	Nanjing	/xuaŋ²¹²/
	Hefei	/xʊ̃²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xuæ̃⁵³/
	Pingyao	/xuɑŋ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/xuæ̃⁵³/
Wu	Shanghai	/uø³⁵/
	Suzhou	/uø⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/ʔuõ⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/jy³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/xuɛ³⁵/
	Tunxi	/xuːə³¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/xõ⁴¹/
	Xiangtan	/ɦɔn⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/fɵn²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/fan¹¹/
	Taoyuan	/fon⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/wun²¹/
	Nanning	/wun³⁵/
	Hong Kong	/wun²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/huan²²/ /uan²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/huɑŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xuiŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/maŋ³¹/ 訓讀
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/nuaŋ³¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: hwanX

Rime
Character	緩
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	桓 (62)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡管切
Baxter	hwanX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦuɑnX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦʷɑnX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣuɑnX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwanX/
Li Rong	/ɣuɑnX/
Wang Li	/ɣuɑnX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣuɑnX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	wun6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷˤa[n]ʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷaːnʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	緩
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huǎn
Middle Chinese	‹ hwanX ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ʷˁa[n]ʔ/
English	slack; slow
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	緩
Reading #	1/1
No.	16160
Phonetic component	爰
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	緩
Old Chinese	/*ɢʷaːnʔ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 緩

1. relaxed
2. slow; leisurely
3. to postpone; delay

Synonyms

• (relaxed): 寬鬆／宽松 (kuānsōng), 輕鬆／轻松 (qīngsōng)
• (slow): 慢 (màn)
• (postpone):

(deprecated template usage)

edit

• 展緩／展缓 (zhǎnhuǎn)
• 延宕 (yándàng) (literary)
• 延延 (Hokkien)
• 延後／延后 (yánhòu)
• 延期 (yánqī)
• 延緩／延缓 (yánhuǎn)
• 延誤／延误 (yánwù)
• 延遲／延迟 (yánchí)
• 拖 (tuō)
• 拖宕 (tuōdàng)
• 拖延 (tuōyán)
• 拖拉 (tuōlā)
• 拖磨 (tuōmó) (literary)
• 拖逗 (tuōdòu) (literary)
• 挨 (ái)
• 挨延 (Hokkien)
• 挨稽 (Hokkien)
• 挨臺／挨台 (ngai² tai²) (Sichuanese)
• 推宕 (tuīdàng) (literary)
• 推延 (tuīyán)
• 捱延 (Hokkien)
• 捱稽 (Hokkien)
• 推遲／推迟 (tuīchí)
• 暫緩／暂缓 (zànhuǎn)
• 稽延 (jīyán) (literary)
• 耗 (regional)
• 耽延 (dānyán)
• 耽擱／耽搁
• 耽誤／耽误
• 貽誤／贻误 (yíwù)
• 遷延／迁延 (qiānyán) (literary)
• 遲延／迟延 (chíyán)
• 遲滯／迟滞 (chízhì)
• 順延／顺延 (shùnyán)

 

Antonyms

• (slow): 急 (jí)

---

Japanese

Kanji

緩

(Jōyō kanji)

1. slacken
2. loosen
3. relax
4. lessen
5. be moderate
6. ease

Readings

• Go-on: がん (gan)
• Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
• Kun: ゆるい (yurui, 緩い, Jōyō); ゆるやか (yuruyaka, 緩やか, Jōyō); ゆるむ (yurumu, 緩む, Jōyō); ゆるめる (yurumeru, 緩める, Jōyō); ゆっくり (yukkuri)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
緩
かん Grade: S
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 緩 (MC hwanX).

Adjective

緩(かん) • (kan) ^{←くわん (kwan)?}-na (adnominal 緩(かん)な (kan na), adverbial 緩(かん)に (kan ni))

1. slow; sluggish

Inflection

Inflection of 緩

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	緩だろ	かんだろ	kan daro
Continuative (連用形)	緩で	かんで	kan de
Terminal (終止形)	緩だ	かんだ	kan da
Attributive (連体形)	緩な	かんな	kan na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	緩なら	かんなら	kan nara
Imperative (命令形)	緩であれ	かんであれ	kan de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	緩ではない 緩じゃない	かんではない かんじゃない	kan de wa nai kan ja nai
Informal past	緩だった	かんだった	kan datta
Informal negative past	緩ではなかった 緩じゃなかった	かんではなかった かんじゃなかった	kan de wa nakatta kan ja nakatta
Formal	緩です	かんです	kan desu
Formal negative	緩ではありません 緩じゃありません	かんではありません かんじゃありません	kan de wa arimasen kan ja arimasen
Formal past	緩でした	かんでした	kan deshita
Formal negative past	緩ではありませんでした 緩じゃありませんでした	かんではありませんでした かんじゃありませんでした	kan de wa arimasen deshita kan ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	緩で	かんで	kan de
Conditional	緩なら（ば）	かんなら（ば）	kan nara (ba)
Provisional	緩だったら	かんだったら	kan dattara
Volitional	緩だろう	かんだろう	kan darō
Adverbial	緩に	かんに	kan ni
Degree	緩さ	かんさ	kansa

---

Korean

Hanja

緩 • (wan) (hangeul 완, revised wan, McCune–Reischauer wan, Yale wan)

1. slow, leisurely
2. to postpone
3. delay

---

Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 緩 (hoãn, hoán)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.