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罪

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 辠
罪 U+7F6A, 罪
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7F6A
← 罩
[U+7F69] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 罫 →
[U+7F6B]

Translingual

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Han character

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罪 (Kangxi radical 122, 网+8, 13 strokes, Cangjie input 田中中一卜 (WLLMY), four-corner 60111, composition ⿱罒非)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 948, character 13
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28293
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1389, character 12
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2920, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+7F6A

Chinese

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trad. 罪
simp. # 罪
alternative forms 𦋛
辠
𡈚

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (罪) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
罪 *zuːlʔ
辠 *zuːlʔ
𢶀 *zruːl

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 罒 (“net”) + 非 (“mistake”). The original version is 𦋛 and its original meaning was a net for fishing, then used instead of 辠 due to the similarity of the latter character to 皇, which represents the Emperor.

Etymology

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Unclear. Possibly of Sino-Tibetan origin and cognate with Mizo sual (“(adj.) bad, evil, vile, corrupt; (v. tr.) (to attempt) to criminally assault, to rape (a woman)”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • zuei5 - literary;
  • zoe5 - vernacular.
Note:
  • chǒe/chōe - literary;
  • chěr/chē - vernacular.
Note: zo6 - in 得罪.
Note:
  • Chongming:
    • 4zai - vernacular;
    • 4dzei - literary.
  • Jiaxing:
    • 4zae - vernacular;
    • 4zue - literary.
  • Jinhua:
    • 3sae - vernacular;
    • 6dzui - literary.
Note:
  • zei4 - literary;
  • zei5 - vernacular.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 罪
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡suei⁵¹/
    Harbin /t͡suei⁵³/
    Tianjin /t͡suei⁵³/
    Jinan /t͡suei²¹/
    Qingdao /t͡sue⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /t͡suei³¹²/
    Xi'an /t͡suei⁴⁴/
    Xining /t͡suɨ²¹³/
    Yinchuan /t͡suei¹³/
    Lanzhou /t͡suei¹³/
    Ürümqi /t͡suei²¹³/
    Wuhan /t͡sei³⁵/
    Chengdu /t͡suei¹³/
    Guiyang /t͡suei²¹³/
    Kunming /t͡suei²¹²/
    Nanjing /t͡suəi⁴⁴/
    Hefei /t͡se⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡suei⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /t͡suæ³⁵/
    Hohhot /t͡suei⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /ze²³/
    Suzhou /ze̞³¹/
    Hangzhou /d͡zz̩ʷei¹³/
    Wenzhou /zai³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰye²²/
    Tunxi /t͡sʰə²⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /t͡sei⁵⁵/
    /t͡sei¹¹/
    Xiangtan /d͡zəi²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰui²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰui⁵³/
    Taoyuan /t͡sʰui⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡søy²²/
    Nanning /t͡sui²²/
    Hong Kong /t͡søy²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡sue²²/
    /t͡se²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /t͡sɔy²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡so⁴²/
    Shantou (Teochew) /t͡sue³⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /tui³³/
    Rime
    Character 罪
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 從 (15)
    Final (韻) 灰 (42)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 徂賄切
    Baxter dzwojX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/d͡zuʌiX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/d͡zuoiX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/d͡zuɒiX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/d͡zwəjX/
    Li
    Rong         		/d͡zuᴀiX/
    Wang
    Li         		/d͡zuɒiX/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/d͡zʱuɑ̆iX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zuì
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zeoi6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 罪
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zuì
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ dzwojX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[dz]ˁujʔ/
    English crime, offense

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 罪
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 17981
    Phonetic
    component         		罪
    Rime
    group         		微
    Rime
    subdivision         		2
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		辠
    Old
    Chinese         		/*zuːlʔ/
    Notes 同辠

    Definitions

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    罪

    1. crime; vice
    2. (theology) sin
    3. hardship; suffering
    4. fault

    Compounds

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    References

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    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    罪

    (Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

    Readings

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    • Go-on: ざい (zai, Jōyō)
    • Kan-on: さい (sai)
    • Kun: つみ (tsumi, 罪, Jōyō)

    Compounds

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    Etymology 1

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    Kanji in this term
    罪
    つみ
    Grade: 5
    kun'yomi

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    罪(つみ) • (tsumi) 

    1. guilt
    2. sin
    3. offence

    Adjective

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    罪(つみ) • (tsumi) -na (adnominal 罪(つみ)な (tsumi na), adverbial 罪(つみ)に (tsumi ni))

    1. sinful
    Inflection
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    Inflection of 罪
    Stem forms
    Imperfective (未然形) 罪だろ つみだろ tsumi daro
    Continuative (連用形) 罪で つみで tsumi de
    Terminal (終止形) 罪だ つみだ tsumi da
    Attributive (連体形) 罪な つみな tsumi na
    Hypothetical (仮定形) 罪なら つみなら tsumi nara
    Imperative (命令形) 罪であれ つみであれ tsumi de are
    Key constructions
    Informal negative 罪ではない
    罪じゃない         		つみではない
    つみじゃない         		tsumi de wa nai
    tsumi ja nai
    Informal past 罪だった つみだった tsumi datta
    Informal negative past 罪ではなかった
    罪じゃなかった         		つみではなかった
    つみじゃなかった         		tsumi de wa nakatta
    tsumi ja nakatta
    Formal 罪です つみです tsumi desu
    Formal negative 罪ではありません
    罪じゃありません         		つみではありません
    つみじゃありません         		tsumi de wa arimasen
    tsumi ja arimasen
    Formal past 罪でした つみでした tsumi deshita
    Formal negative past 罪ではありませんでした
    罪じゃありませんでした         		つみではありませんでした
    つみじゃありませんでした         		tsumi de wa arimasen deshita
    tsumi ja arimasen deshita
    Conjunctive 罪で つみで tsumi de
    Conditional 罪なら（ば） つみなら（ば） tsumi nara (ba)
    Provisional 罪だったら つみだったら tsumi dattara
    Volitional 罪だろう つみだろう tsumi darō
    Adverbial 罪に つみに tsumi ni
    Degree 罪さ つみさ tsumisa

    Etymology 2

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    Kanji in this term
    罪
    ざい
    Grade: 5
    on'yomi

    Pronunciation

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    Suffix

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    罪(ざい) • (-zai) 

    1. (law) Used after the name of an action, to form the name of a criminal charge
      殺(さつ)人(じん)罪(ざい) ― satsujin-zai ― murder (as a crime)
      堕(だ)胎(たい)罪(ざい) ― datai-zai ― unlawful abortion

    References

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    1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean

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    Hanja

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    罪 (eumhun 허물 죄 (heomul joe))

    1. hanja form? of 죄 (“sin; crime; fault”)

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    罪: Hán Việt readings: tội[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
    罪: Nôm readings: tụi[3][4]

    1. chữ Hán form of tội (“offense or violation of established rules; crime, sin, naughty deed”)

    Compounds

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    References

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    1. ^ Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ^ Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Takeuchi (1988).
    5. ^ Hồ (1976).
    6. ^ Bonet (1899).
    7. ^ Génibrel (1898).
    8. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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