習

See also: 习

習 U+7FD2, 習 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7FD2 ← 翑 [U+7FD1] CJK Unified Ideographs 翓 → [U+7FD3]

Translingual

Han character

習 (radical 124 羽+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 尸一竹日 (SMHA), four-corner 1760₂, composition ⿱羽白)

References

• KangXi: page 956, character 23
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28672
• Dae Jaweon: page 1402, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 5, page 3345, character 1
• Unihan data for U+7FD2

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Chinese

trad.		習
simp.		习

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (習) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
摺	*ruːb, *ʔljob
磖	*ruːb
褶	*ʔljob, *l'ɯːb, *ljub, *ɦljub
慴	*ʔljob, *l'ɯːb
霫	*slub, *ljub
習	*ljub
鰼	*ljub
騽	*ljub, *ɢrub
飁	*ljub
槢	*ljub
熠	*ɢrub, *lub

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 羽 (“wings”) + 日 (“sun”) – to learn to fly, to practice flying.

In current form, 日 (rì, “sun”) has changed to 白 (bái, “white”), so present form is 羽 (“wings”) + 白 (“white”).

Etymology

Two general semantic fields are found in the senses: "to flap the wings; to flutter" and "to practice". They are generally considered to be the same word, with the link being "to repeatedly flap the wings (in order to learn to fly)", a sense attested in Liji.

Area word:

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-lwap (“to learn”): Tibetan སློབ (slob, “to learn”), སློབས (slobs, “exercise; training”); Mizo tlip (“to repeat; to do again; to perfect”),
• Mon-Khmer: Khmer ធ្លាប់ (thlŏəp, “to become accustomed to; to have the habit of; marker of continuous action in the past”); Proto-Mon *le̤p ("to know how to, be skilled in") > Mon လေပ် (lèp, “to be versed in”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xí (xi²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zaap⁶, zap⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): si̍p
• Min Bei (KCR): sĭ
• Min Dong (BUC): sĭk
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): si̍p

  (Teochew, Peng'im): sib⁸

• Wu (Wiktionary): xxiq (T5)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: xí
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˊ
    • Wade-Giles: hsih²
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyi
    • IPA ^(key): /ɕi³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: zaap⁶, zap⁶
    • Yale: jaahp, jahp
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzaap⁹, dzap⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: zab⁶, zeb⁶
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡sɑːp̚²/, /t͡sɐp̚²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: si̍p
    • Hakka Romanization System: xib
    • Hagfa Pinyim: xib⁶
    • IPA: /ɕip̚⁵/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sĭ
    • IPA ^(key): /si²⁴/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭk
    • IPA ^(key): /siʔ⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: si̍p
    • Tâi-lô: si̍p
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sip
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ɕip̚⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕip̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕip̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ɕip̚⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕip̚⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: sib⁸
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: si̍p
    • IPA ^(key): /sip̚⁴/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: xxiq (T5)
    • IPA ^(key): /ʑ̻i̯ɪʔ¹²/

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• Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 習
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕi³⁵/
	Harbin	/ɕi²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ɕi⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ɕi⁴²/
	Qingdao	/si⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/si⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ɕi²⁴/
	Xining	/ɕji²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ɕi¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕi¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ɕi²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ɕi²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ɕi³¹/
	Guiyang	/ɕi²¹/
	Kunming	/ɕi³¹/
	Nanjing	/siʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/ɕiəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
	Pingyao	/ɕiʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/ɕiəʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ʑiɪʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ziəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/d͡ʑiəʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/zai²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡sʰi²²/
	Tunxi	/t͡sʰe¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/si²⁴/
	Xiangtan	/si²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/ɕiʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/sip̚⁵/
	Taoyuan	/sip̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sap̚²/
	Nanning	/t͡sɐp̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sap̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/sip̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/siʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/si²⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/sip̚⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/t͡sip̚³/

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• Middle Chinese: /ziɪp̚/▼

Rime
Character	習
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	邪 (17)
Final (韻)	緝 (141)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	似入切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ziɪp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/zip̚/
Shao Rongfen	/zjep̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/zip̚/
Li Rong	/ziəp̚/
Wang Li	/zĭĕp̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/zi̯əp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xí

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*s-ɢʷəp/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ljub/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	習
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xí
Middle Chinese	‹ zip ›
Old Chinese	/*s-ɢʷəp/ (with root *ɢʷəp
English	repeat; practice
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	習
Reading #	1/1
No.	13387
Phonetic component	習
Rime group	緝
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	習
Old Chinese	/*ljub/

Definitions

習

1. ^† to flap (the wings); to flutter; to repeatedly flap the wings
2. to practice; to exercise; to review

   練習 / 练习  ―  liànxí  ―  to practice

3. to study; to learn

   學習 / 学习  ―  xuéxí  ―  to study

4. to become familiar with; to be used to
5. habit, custom

   習慣 / 习惯  ―  xíguàn  ―  habit, custom

6. trusted follower
7. to fall into a bad habit
8. often; frequently
9. A surname​.

   習近平 / 习近平  ―  Xí Jìnpíng  ―  Xi Jinping

Compounds

• 修習／修习
• 傳習／传习
• 刻苦學習／刻苦学习
• 學習／学习 (xuéxí)
• 實習／实习 (shíxí)
• 惡習／恶习 (èxí)
• 抓緊學習／抓紧学习
• 溫習／温习 (wēnxí)
• 演習／演习 (yǎnxí)
• 熟習／熟习 (shúxí)
• 痼習／痼习
• 相沿成習／相沿成习
• 研習／研习 (yánxí)
• 積習／积习 (jīxí)
• 練習／练习 (liànxí)
• 習以成俗／习以成俗
• 習以成性／习以成性

• 習以為常／习以为常
• 習俗／习俗 (xísú)
• 習俗移性／习俗移性
• 習得性／习得性
• 習得性無助感／习得性无助感
• 習性／习性 (xíxìng)
• 習慣／习惯 (xíguàn)
• 習慣性／习惯性
• 習慣成自然／习惯成自然 (xíguàn chéng zìrán)
• 習慣法／习惯法 (xíguànfǎ)
• 習慣用法／习惯用法
• 習慣用語／习惯用语 (xíguàn yòngyǔ)
• 習慣自然／习惯自然
• 習慣若自然／习惯若自然
• 習氣／习气 (xíqì)
• 習水／习水

• 習水縣／习水县
• 習用／习用
• 習習／习习 (xíxí)
• 習近平／习近平
• 習題／习题 (xítí)
• 聯想學習／联想学习
• 自習／自习 (zìxí)
• 舊習／旧习
• 補習／补习 (bǔxí)
• 複習／复习 (fùxí)
• 見習／见习 (jiànxí)
• 軍事演習／军事演习 (jūnshì yǎnxí)
• 陋習／陋习 (lòuxí)
• 陳規舊習／陈规旧习
• 陳規陋習／陈规陋习
• 預習／预习 (yùxí)

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Japanese

Kanji

習

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Goon: じゅう (jū)
• Kan’on: しゅう (shū, Jōyō)
• Kun: ならう (narau, 習う, Jōyō); ならい (narai)

Compounds

• 練 (れん)習 (しゅう) (renshū): practice
• 慣 (かん)習 (しゅう) (kanshū)
• 習 (しゅう)慣 (かん) (shūkan)

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Korean

Hanja

習 • (seup) (hangeul 습, McCune-Reischauer sŭp, Yale sup)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

習 (tập, chập, dập, giặp, tấp, xập, sập)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.