習

See also: 习 and 𮊸

習 U+7FD2, 習 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7FD2 ← 翑 [U+7FD1] CJK Unified Ideographs 翓 → [U+7FD3]

Translingual

Han character

習 (radical 124, 羽+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 尸一竹日 (SMHA), four-corner 1760₂, composition ⿱羽白)

References

• KangXi: page 956, character 23
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28672
• Dae Jaweon: page 1402, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3345, character 1
• Unihan data for U+7FD2

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Chinese

trad.		習
simp.		习
alternative forms		𮊸

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (習) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
摺	*ruːb, *ʔljob
磖	*ruːb
褶	*ʔljob, *l'ɯːb, *ljub, *ɦljub
慴	*ʔljob, *l'ɯːb
霫	*slub, *ljub
習	*ljub
鰼	*ljub
騽	*ljub, *ɢrub
飁	*ljub
槢	*ljub
熠	*ɢrub, *lub

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 羽 (“wings”) + 日 (“sun”) – to learn to fly, to practice flying.

In current form, 日 (rì, “sun”) has changed to 白 (bái, “white”), so present form is 羽 (“wings”) + 白 (“white”).

Etymology

Two general semantic fields are found in the senses: "to flap the wings; to flutter" and "to practice". They are generally considered to be the same word, with the link being "to repeatedly flap the wings (in order to learn to fly)", a sense attested in Liji.

Area word:

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-lwap (“to learn”): Tibetan སློབ (slob, “to learn”), སློབས (slobs, “exercise; training”); Mizo tlip (“to repeat; to do again; to perfect”),
• Mon-Khmer: Khmer ធ្លាប់ (thlŏəp, “to become accustomed to; to have the habit of; marker of continuous action in the past”); Proto-Mon *le̤p ("to know how to, be skilled in") > Mon လေပ် (lèp, “to be versed in”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): xí (xi²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˊ

  (Chengdu, SP): xi²

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zaap⁶, zap⁶
• Gan (Wiktionary): xit⁶
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): si̍p

  (Meixian, Guangdong): xib⁶

• Jin (Wiktionary): xieh⁵
• Min Bei (KCR): sĭ
• Min Dong (BUC): sĭk
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): si̍p

  (Teochew, Peng'im): sib⁸

• Wu (Wiktionary): xxiq (T5)
• Xiang (Wiktionary): si⁶

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: xí
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˊ
    • Wade–Giles: hsi2
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyi
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sí
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: xi²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi²¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: zaap⁶, zap⁶
    • Yale: jaahp, jahp
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzaap⁹, dzap⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: zab⁶, zeb⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡säːp̚²/, /t͡sɐp̚²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: xit⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕit̚⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: si̍p
    • Hakka Romanization System: xib
    • Hagfa Pinyim: xib⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /ɕip̚⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: xib⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /ɕip̚⁵/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: xieh⁵
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sĭ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /si²⁴/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭk
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siʔ⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: si̍p
    • Tâi-lô: si̍p
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sip
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ɕip̚⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕip̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕip̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ɕip̚⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕip̚⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: sib⁸
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: si̍p
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sip̚⁴/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: xxiq (T5)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʑ̻i̯ɪʔ¹²/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: si⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /si²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /ɕi²⁴/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 習
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕi³⁵/
	Harbin	/ɕi²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ɕi⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ɕi⁴²/
	Qingdao	/si⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/si⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ɕi²⁴/
	Xining	/ɕji²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ɕi¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕi¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ɕi²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ɕi²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ɕi³¹/
	Guiyang	/ɕi²¹/
	Kunming	/ɕi³¹/
	Nanjing	/siʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/ɕiəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
	Pingyao	/ɕiʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/ɕiəʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ʑiɪʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ziəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/d͡ʑiəʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/zai²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡sʰi²²/
	Tunxi	/t͡sʰe¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/si²⁴/
	Xiangtan	/si²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/ɕiʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/sip̚⁵/
	Taoyuan	/sip̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sap̚²/
	Nanning	/t͡sɐp̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sap̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/sip̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/siʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/si²⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/sip̚⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/t͡sip̚³/

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• Middle Chinese: /ziɪp̚/

Rime
Character	習
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	邪 (17)
Final (韻)	緝 (141)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	似入切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ziɪp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/zip̚/
Shao Rongfen	/zjep̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/zip̚/
Li Rong	/ziəp̚/
Wang Li	/zĭĕp̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/zi̯əp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zap6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-ɢʷəp/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ljub/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	習
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xí
Middle Chinese	‹ zip ›
Old Chinese	/*s-ɢʷəp/ (with root *ɢʷəp ‘wing’?)
English	repeat; practice
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	習
Reading #	1/1
No.	13387
Phonetic component	習
Rime group	緝
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	習
Old Chinese	/*ljub/

Definitions

習

1. ^† to flap (the wings); to flutter; to repeatedly flap the wings
2. ^⁜ to practice; to exercise; to review

   練習 / 练习  ―  liànxí  ―  to practice

3. ^⁜ to study; to learn

   學習 / 学习  ―  xuéxí  ―  to study

   自習 / 自习  ―  zìxí  ―  to study by oneself

4. to become familiar with; to be used to
5. ^⁜ habit; custom

   習慣 / 习惯  ―  xíguàn  ―  habit; custom

   陋習 / 陋习  ―  lòuxí  ―  bad habit

6. trusted follower
7. to fall into a bad habit
8. often; frequently
9. A surname​.

   習近平 / 习近平  ―  Xí Jìnpíng  ―  Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

Compounds

• 修習／修习
• 傳習／传习 (chuánxí)
• 刻苦學習／刻苦学习
• 學習／学习 (xuéxí)
• 實習／实习 (shíxí)
• 惡習／恶习 (èxí)
• 抓緊學習／抓紧学习
• 溫習／温习 (wēnxí)
• 演習／演习 (yǎnxí)
• 熟習／熟习 (shúxí)
• 痼習／痼习
• 相沿成習／相沿成习
• 研習／研习 (yánxí)
• 積習／积习 (jīxí)
• 積習難改／积习难改 (jīxínángǎi)
• 練習／练习 (liànxí)
• 習以成俗／习以成俗
• 習以成性／习以成性

• 習以為常／习以为常 (xíyǐwéicháng)
• 習俗／习俗 (xísú)
• 習俗移性／习俗移性
• 習坎／习坎
• 習家店／习家店 (Xíjiādiàn)
• 習得性／习得性
• 習得性無助感／习得性无助感
• 習性／习性 (xíxìng)
• 習慣／习惯 (xíguàn)
• 習慣性／习惯性
• 習慣成自然／习惯成自然 (xíguàn chéng zìrán)
• 習慣法／习惯法 (xíguànfǎ)
• 習慣用法／习惯用法
• 習慣用語／习惯用语 (xíguàn yòngyǔ)
• 習慣自然／习惯自然
• 習慣若自然／习惯若自然
• 習氣／习气 (xíqì)

• 習水／习水
• 習水縣／习水县
• 習用／习用 (xíyòng)
• 習習／习习 (xíxí)
• 習近平／习近平
• 習題／习题 (xítí)
• 聯想學習／联想学习
• 自習／自习 (zìxí)
• 舊習／旧习
• 補習／补习 (bǔxí)
• 複習／复习 (fùxí)
• 見習／见习 (jiànxí)
• 軍事演習／军事演习 (jūnshì yǎnxí)
• 陋習／陋习 (lòuxí)
• 陳規舊習／陈规旧习
• 陳規陋習／陈规陋习
• 預習／预习 (yùxí)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (習):

• → Japanese: 習(しゅう) (shū)
• → Korean: 습 (習, seup)
• → Vietnamese: tập (習)

Others:

• → English: Hsi, Xi

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Japanese

Kanji

習

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. learn

Readings

• Go-on: じゅう (jū)^{←じふ (zifu, historical)}
• Kan-on: しゅう (shū, Jōyō)^{←しふ (sifu, historical)}
• Kun: ならう (narau, 習う, Jōyō); ならい (narai, 習い)

Compounds

• 練(れん)習(しゅう) (renshū): practice
• 慣(かん)習(しゅう) (kanshū): common practice
• 習(しゅう)慣(かん) (shūkan): custom, habit
• 自(じ)習(しゅう) (jishū): self-study

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Korean

Hanja

習 (eumhun 익힐 습 (ikhil seup))

1. Hanja form^? of 습 (“practice”).

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Vietnamese

Han character

習: Hán Nôm readings: tập, chập, dập, giặp, tấp, xập, sập

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.