腎

See also: 肾

腎 U+814E, 腎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-814E ← 腍 [U+814D] CJK Unified Ideographs 腏 → [U+814F]

Translingual

Han character

腎 (radical 130, 肉+8 in Chinese, 肉+9 in Japanese, 12 strokes in Chinese, 13 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 尸水月 (SEB), four-corner 7722₇, composition ⿱臤月)

Descendants

• 肾

References

• KangXi: page 987, character 2
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29621
• Dae Jaweon: page 1439, character 13
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 3, page 2086, character 4
• Unihan data for U+814E

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Chinese

trad.		腎
simp.		肾

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (臣) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
臤	*kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins
掔	*kʰriːn, *kʰiːn
慳	*kʰriːn
藖	*ɡriːn, *ɡriːns
堅	*kiːn
鋻	*kiːn, *kiːns
鰹	*kiːn
蜸	*kʰiːnʔ
菣	*kʰiːns, *kʰins
賢	*ɡiːn
礥	*ɡiːn, *ɢrin
臔	*ɡiːnʔ
挋	*kiŋs
臣	*ɡiŋ
茞	*ɡiŋ
腎	*ɡjinʔ
頣	*hŋiŋʔ
緊	*kinʔ
嚚	*ŋɡriŋ
鏗	*kʰreːŋ
摼	*kʰreːŋ
硻	*kʰreːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡjinʔ): phonetic 臤 (OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins) + semantic ⺼ (“meat; flesh”) – a body part, the kidneys.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-k(j)un (“kidney”). Cognate with Burmese ကုန်း (kun:, “back”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): shèn (shen⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄕㄣˋ

  (Chengdu, SP): sen⁴

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou, Jyutping): san⁶, san⁵, san^5-2

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): sin⁵

• Gan (Wiktionary): siin⁵
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): sṳn

  (Meixian, Guangdong): sen⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): seng³
• Min Bei (KCR): sēng
• Min Dong (BUC): sêng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): sīn / siān / siǎn

  (Teochew, Peng'im): siang⁶ / siêng⁶

• Wu (Wiktionary): zen (T3)
• Xiang (Wiktionary): shen⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: shèn
    • Zhuyin: ㄕㄣˋ
    • Wade–Giles: shên⁴
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shenn
    • IPA ^(key): /ʂən⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: sen⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sen
    • IPA ^(key): /sən²¹³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: san⁶, san⁵, san^5-2
    • Yale: sahn, sáhn, sán
    • Cantonese Pinyin: san⁶, san⁵, san^5-2
    • Guangdong Romanization: sen⁶, sen⁵, sen²
    • IPA ^(key): /sɐn²²/, /sɐn¹³/, /sɐn¹³⁻³⁵/

Note:

• san6 - literary (“kidney; testicle”);
• san5, san5-2 - vernacular (“gizzard”).

• (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  • Wiktionary: sin⁵
  • IPA ^(key): /sin³²/

Gan

• (Nanchang)
  • Wiktionary: siin⁵
  • IPA ^(key): /sɨn¹¹/

Hakka

• (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳn
  • Hakka Romanization System: siin
  • Hagfa Pinyim: sin⁴
  • IPA: /sɨn⁵⁵/
• (Meixian)
  • Guangdong: sen⁴
  • IPA: /sən⁵³/

Jin

• (Taiyuan)⁺
  • Wiktionary: seng³
  • IPA (old-style): /sə̃ŋ⁴⁵/

Min Bei

• (Jian'ou)
  • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sēng
  • IPA ^(key): /seiŋ⁵⁵/

Min Dong

• (Fuzhou)
  • Bàng-uâ-cê: sêng
  • IPA ^(key): /sɛiŋ²⁴²/

Min Nan

• (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sīn
  • Tâi-lô: sīn
  • Phofsit Daibuun: sin
  • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɕin³³/
  • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɕin²²/
  • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕin⁴¹/
• (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siān
  • Tâi-lô: siān
  • Phofsit Daibuun: sien
  • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɕiɛn³³/
  • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɕiɛn²²/
• (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siǎn
  • Tâi-lô: siǎn
  • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕiɛn²²/

Note:

• sīn - literary;
• siān/siǎn - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: siang⁶ / siêng⁶
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: siăng / siĕng
  • IPA ^(key): /siaŋ³⁵/, /sieŋ³⁵/

Wu

• (Shanghainese)
  • Wiktionary: zen (T3)
  • IPA ^(key): /z̻əɲ²³/

Xiang

• (Changsha)
  • Wiktionary: shen⁴
  • IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ʂən⁴⁵/
  • IPA ^(key) (new-style): /sən⁴⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: /d͡ʑiɪn^X/▼

Rime
Character	腎
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	時忍切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiɪnX/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑinX/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑjenX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑinX/
Li Rong	/ʑiĕnX/
Wang Li	/ʑĭĕnX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʑi̯ĕnX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shèn

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.[ɡ]i[n]ʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡjinʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	腎
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shèn
Middle Chinese	‹ dzyinX ›
Old Chinese	/*Cə.[ɡ]i[n]ʔ/
English	kidney
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	腎
Reading #	1/1
No.	1344
Phonetic component	臣
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	腎
Old Chinese	/*ɡjinʔ/

Definitions

腎

1. (anatomy) kidney
2. (traditional Chinese medicine) testicle
3. (Cantonese) gizzard

   雞腎 / 鸡肾 [Cantonese]  ―  gai¹ san⁵ [Jyutping]  ―  chicken gizzard

Compounds

• 敗腎／败肾
• 洗腎／洗肾 (xǐshèn)
• 腎上腺／肾上腺 (shènshàngxiàn)
• 腎上腺素／肾上腺素 (shènshàngxiànsù)
• 腎元／肾元 (shènyuán)
• 腎囊／肾囊 (shènnáng)
• 腎子／肾子
• 腎炎／肾炎 (shènyán)

• 腎癌／肾癌 (shèn'ái)
• 腎盂／肾盂 (shènyú)
• 腎盂炎／肾盂炎
• 腎結核／肾结核
• 腎結石／肾结石 (shènjiéshí)
• 腎臟／肾脏 (shènzàng)
• 腎臟癌／肾脏癌 (shènzàng'ái)

• 腎虧／肾亏 (shènkuī)
• 補腎／补肾
• 賣腎／卖肾
• 雕肝琢腎／雕肝琢肾
• 雕肝鏤腎／雕肝镂肾
• 雞腎／鸡肾
• 鴨腎／鸭肾

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Japanese

Etymology 1

/murato₁/ → /murato/.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [murato]

Noun

腎 (hiragana むらと, rōmaji murato)

1. kidney
   • 794, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki

     心腎肝脯 心人情也 腎音神 訓牟良斗 肝音干 訓岐毛

Etymology 2

From earlier /murato/. Voicing suggests that it was originally a compound of mura and to.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [murado]

Noun

腎 (hiragana むらど, rōmaji murado)

1. kidney
   • 931–938, Wamyō Ruijushō, book 2, page 35-36:

     腎 白虎通云 時忍反 上聲之重 无良度 [...] 水之精也 色黑 [...] 水藏也 [...]

Etymology 3

Kanji

腎

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: じん (jin, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: しん (shin)
• Kun: かなめ (kaname)

Compounds

• 腎 (じん)臓 (ぞう) (jinzō)

References

• Takeuchi, Rizō (1962) Nara Ibun: Volume 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō Shuppan, →ISBN.
• Minamoto, Shitagō; Kyōto Daigaku Bungakubu Kokugogaku Kokubungaku Kenkyūshitu (931–938) Shohon Shūsei Wamyō Ruijushō: Honbunhen (in Japanese), Kyōto: Rinsen, published 1968, →ISBN.

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Korean

Hanja

腎 • (sin) (hangeul 신, revised sin, McCune–Reischauer sin, Yale sin)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

腎 (thận)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.