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U+864E, 虎
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-864E

[U+864D]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+864F]
U+2EC1, ⻁
CJK RADICAL TIGER

[U+2EC0]
CJK Radicals Supplement
[U+2EC2]

Translingual

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Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 141, +2, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜心竹弓 (YPHN) or 卜心竹山 (YPHU), four-corner 21217, composition (JKT) or (GV))

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1073, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32675
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1539, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2819, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+864E

Chinese

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Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script

Pictogram (象形) . represents the tiger's head. The torso has disappeared and the legs and the tail have transformed into in the small seal script and later in the clerical script.

Etymology 1

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trad.
simp. #
alternative forms
A tiger.

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-la (tiger), from Proto-Austroasiatic *kla(ː)ʔ (tiger). Cognate with (OC *daː) in 於菟 (OC *qa daː, “tiger”). Compare Vietnamese khái ("tiger").

Hill (2019) compares it to Tibetan སྟག (stag, tiger); however, Zheng Zining deems that comparison "probably spurious".[1]

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (32)
Final () (23)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter xuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/huoX/
Pan
Wuyun
/huoX/
Shao
Rongfen
/xoX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/hɔX/
Li
Rong
/xoX/
Wang
Li
/xuX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/xuoX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
fu2
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ xuX ›
Old
Chinese
/*qʰˁraʔ/ (W dialect: *qˁʰr- >r̥ˁ- > x-)
English tiger

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 5230
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*qʰlaːʔ/

Definitions

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  1. tiger
      ―  lǎo  ―  tiger
  2. (figurative) brave; fierce
  3. (dialectal) to show a stern or fierce look
  4. a surname
  5. (Northeastern Mandarin, derogatory) overbold; stupid
Synonyms
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Compounds

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References

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  1. ^ Zheng Zining (undated) “The Historical Phonology of Tibetan, Burmese and Chinese. By Nathan W. HILL. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. xiv+373.” Book Review, p. 332

Etymology 2

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trad.
simp. #

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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  1. Only used in 馬虎马虎 (mǎhu).

Compounds

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Etymology 3

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trad.
simp. #

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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  1. Only used in 虎不拉 (hùbulǎ).

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Jōyō kanji)

  1. tiger

Readings

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  • Go-on: (ku)
  • Kan-on: (ko, Jōyō)
  • Kun: とら (tora, , Jōyō)
  • Nanori: とら (tora)たけ (take)

Etymology

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
Kanji in this term
とら
Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese to1ra,[1][2] from Proto-Japonic *tora.

Pellard (2013, 92) includes to1ra among words with o1 excepted from the /-o-/ to /-u-/ vowel-raising rule and not originating from earlier diphthongs. According to Vovin (2021, 111), West Old Japanese *to1ra, instead of expected *tura, is "anomalous" and possibly "a case of a sporadic analogical development".

Vovin (2013) asserts that this word is same as a Silla place name 刀良 (/*tora/), which matches the Old Japanese phonographic spelling.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(とら) or (トラ) (tora

  1. a tiger (The mammal Panthera tigris)

Usage notes

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As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as トラ.

Derived terms

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Interjection

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(とら) (tora

  1. (World War II, dated) clipping of 突撃雷撃 (totsugeki raigeki, lightning attack), used by Japanese soldiers to warn about an imminent attack.

Descendants

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  • English: tora-tora

References

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  1. ^ Frellesvig, Bjarke, Stephen Wright Horn, et al. (eds.) (2023) “Old Japanese twora”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese[1]
  2. ^ Thomas Pellard. Ryukyuan perspectives on the proto-Japonic vowel system. Frellesvig, Bjarke; Sells, Peter. Japanese/Korean Linguistics 20, CSLI Publications, pp.81–96, 2013, 9781575866383. ffhal01289288
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  4. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese (MC xuX). Recorded as Middle Korean 호〯 (hwǒ) (Yale: hwo) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun (beom ho))

  1. hanja form? of (tiger)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

Okinawan

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Kanji

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(Jōyō kanji)

  1. tiger

Readings

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Noun

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(とぅら) (tura

  1. とぅら: tiger

Old Japanese

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Etymology

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From Proto-Japonic *tora.

Pellard (2013, 92) includes to1ra among words with o1 excepted from the /-o-/ to /-u-/ vowel-raising rule and not originating from earlier diphthongs. According to Vovin (2021, 111), West Old Japanese *to1ra, instead of expected *tura, is "anomalous" and possibly "a case of a sporadic analogical development".

Vovin (2013) asserts that this word is same as a Silla place name 刀良 (/*tora/), which matches the Old Japanese phonographic spelling.

Noun

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(to1ra)

  1. tiger
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 2, poem 199a:
      吹響流小角乃音母敵見有可吼登諸人之恊流麻低爾
      PUKI1NASEru KUDA no2 OTO2 mo ATA MI1TARU TO1RA ka POYURU to2 MORO2P11TO2 NO2 OBI1YUru madeni
      I blow with the tube to sing, and the tiger howls at the enemy, to where everyone got scared.
  2. year of the Tiger
    • Shōsōin document, text here
      [...] 次刀良〈年廿五二目盲、癈疾〉[...] 次刀良売〈年十二小女〉
      TUGI1 to1ra (TO2SI PA NIPU-GO1-NI ME2 NO2 MI1YAWU, POZITI) [...] TUGI1 to1ra-me2 (TO2SI PA ZIYUNI WOME1)
      [...] next, tora (Year 252; blind with chronical disease) [...] next, tora-me, (Year 12; young woman).

Reconstruction notes

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This term is attested in the Man'yōshū only logographically, as 虎.

In the Shōsōin documents, the latter sense is attested phonographically, as a personal name variously called to1ra and to1ra-me2. See also the etymology for further attestations.

Descendants

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  • Japanese: (tora)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Nôm readings: hổ

  1. tiger

Compounds

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