訛

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See also: 讹
訛 U+8A1B, 訛
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8A1B
← 訚
[U+8A1A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 訜 →
[U+8A1C]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

訛 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+4, 11 strokes, cangjie input 卜口人心 (YROP), four-corner 04610, composition ⿰訁化)

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1149, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35256
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1616, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3947, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+8A1B

Chinese[edit]

trad. 訛
simp. 讹
alternative forms 吪
䚰

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 訛
Warring States Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (化) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
訛 *ŋʷaːl
吪 *ŋʷaːl
鈋 *ŋʷaːl
囮 *lu, *ŋʷaːl
魤 *ŋʷaːl
靴 *hʷa
貨 *hŋʷaːls
花 *hʷraː
化 *hŋʷraːls
杹 *hŋʷraːls
匕 *pilʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷaːl) : semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls)

Etymology[edit]

Related to 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to change”) (Schuessler, 2007). Possibly also related to 偽 (OC *ŋʷrals) (Schuessler, 2007), but see there for more.

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 訛
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 五禾切
Baxter ngwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋuɑ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋuɑ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋuɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋwa/
Li
Rong 		/ŋuɑ/
Wang
Li 		/ŋuɑ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ŋuɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wó
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ngo4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 訛
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		é
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ngwa ›
Old
Chinese 		/*m-qʷʰˁaj/
English move; change

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 訛
Reading # 1/1
No. 5319
Phonetic
component 		化
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		訛
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋʷaːl/

Definitions[edit]

訛

  1. (literary, or in compounds) erroneous; mistaken
    alt. forms: 譌／𰵑
  2. (literary, or in compounds) error; mistake
  3. to extort; to blackmail
  4. Alternative form of 吪

Synonyms[edit]

  • (erroneous):
Dialectal synonyms of 錯 (“wrong”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 過誤, 誤, 謬, 謬誤, 訛
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 錯, 不對, 錯誤
Mandarin Beijing 錯, 左
Taiwan 錯, 不對
Jinan 錯, 差
Xi'an 錯
Ürümqi 錯
Wuhan 錯, 左
Chengdu 錯, 拐
Guilin 錯
Yangzhou 錯
Nanjing 差
Hefei 錯
Malaysia 錯, 不對
Singapore 錯, 不對
Cantonese Guangzhou 錯, 唔啱
Hong Kong 錯, 唔啱
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 錯
Macau 錯
Guangzhou (Panyu) 錯
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 唔啱
Guangzhou (Conghua) 錯
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 錯
Foshan 錯
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 錯
Foshan (Shunde) 錯
Foshan (Sanshui) 錯, 唔啱
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 錯
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 錯
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 錯
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 錯
Zhuhai (Doumen) 錯
Jiangmen (Baisha) 錯
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 錯
Taishan 錯
Kaiping (Chikan) 錯
Enping (Niujiang) 錯
Heshan (Yayao) 錯
Dongguan 錯
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 錯
Yangjiang 錯
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 唔啱, 錯
Singapore (Guangfu) 唔啱, 錯
Gan Nanchang 錯
Lichuan 錯
Hakka Meixian 差, 唔啱
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 錯
Dongguan (Qingxi) 錯
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 錯
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 錯
Conghua (Lütian) 錯
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 唔著
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 唔著
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 唔著
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 唔著
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 唔著
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 唔著
Jin Taiyuan 錯, 不對, 差
Northern Min Jian'ou 錯
Eastern Min Fuzhou 賺
Matsu 賺
Southern Min Xiamen 賺, 毋著
Quanzhou 賺, 毋著
Shishi 賺
Zhangzhou 賺, 毋著
Zhao'an 毋著
Taipei 毋著
Kaohsiung 毋著
Penang (Hokkien) salah, 毋著, 賺
Singapore (Hokkien) salah, 毋著
Manila (Hokkien) 毋著, 賺
Chaozhou 賺
Shantou 賺, 唔對, 唔著
Jieyang 賺
Singapore (Teochew) salah, 唔著, 賺
Leizhou 無著
Wenchang 無著
Haikou 錯
Singapore (Hainanese) 無著
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 錯, 唔啱
Wu Shanghai 錯
Suzhou 錯
Ningbo 錯, 賺
Wenzhou 賺
Jinhua 賺
Xiang Changsha 錯, 左
Shuangfeng 造, 錯
  • (error):
  • (to extort):

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

訛

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 訛 (MC ngwa).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅌᅪᆼ (Yale: ngwà)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 그르될 (Yale: kulu-twoyl) 와 (Yale: wa)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

訛 (eumhun 그릇될 와 (geureutdoel wa))

  1. Hanja form? of 와 (“erroneous; mistaken”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

訛: Hán Nôm readings: ngoa, ngỏa/ngoả

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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